The Environment Act 1995 and quiet enjoyment: implications for countryside recreation in the national parks of England and Wales, UK   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Deborah J. Pearlman  Janet Dickinson  Linda Miller  Jerry Pearlman† 《Area》1999,31(1):59-66

Summary National parks in England and Wales have traditionally been seen as places of quiet, less hurried recreation. The phrase 'quiet enjoyment' was adopted to represent this notion, and this paper traces the policy-making process involved in attempting to conserve this view. The debate during the enactment of the Environment Act 1995 brought the use and meaning of the phrase to prominence; amongst other issues, the use of the phrase in tenancy law precluded its use in legislation. The loss of the phrase 'quiet enjoyment' could have prolonged effects on the way in which national parks are used for recreational purposes.  相似文献   

GeoPT3. International Proficiency Test for Analytical Geochemistry Laboratories - Report on Round 3     

Michael Thompson  Philip J. Potts  Jean S. Kane  Bruce W. Chappell 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1999,23(1):87-121

Results from seventy two laboratories participating in GeoPT3, round three of the international proficiency testing programme for analytical geochemistry laboratories, are presented. The report includes analytical results contributed by participating laboratories, together with the z-scores derived from these results using appropriate fitness for purpose criteria. These data are available for use as part of the laboratories' quality control procedures to assess the reliability of analysed results.  相似文献   

Editorial     

Phil Potts  Mireille Polv 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1999,23(2):135-135

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Evaluation of liquefaction potential in an intermountain Quaternary lacustrine basin (Fucino basin,central Italy)     

Paolo Boncio  Sara Amoroso  Giovanna Vessia  Marco Francescone  Mauro Nardone  Paola Monaco  Daniela Famiani  Deborah Di Naccio  Alessia Mercuri  Maria Rosaria Manuel  Fabrizio Galadini  Giuliano Milana 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(1):91-111

In this study, we analyse the susceptibility to liquefaction of the Pozzone site, which is located on the northern side of the Fucino lacustrine basin in central Italy. In 1915, this region was struck by a M 7.0 earthquake, which produced widespread coseismic surface effects that were interpreted to be liquefaction-related. However, the interpretation of these phenomena at the Pozzone site is not straightforward. Furthermore, the site is characterized by an abundance of fine-grained sediments, which are not typically found in liquefiable soils. Therefore, in this study, we perform a number of detailed stratigraphic and geotechnical investigations (including continuous-coring borehole, CPTu, SDMT, SPT, and geotechnical laboratory tests) to better interpret these 1915 phenomena and to evaluate the liquefaction potential of a lacustrine environment dominated by fine-grained sedimentation. The upper 18.5 m of the stratigraphic succession comprises fine-grained sediments, including four strata of coarser sediments formed by interbedded layers of sand, silty sand and sandy silt. These strata, which are interpreted to represent the frontal lobes of an alluvial fan system within a lacustrine succession, are highly susceptible to liquefaction. We also find evidence of paleo-liquefaction, dated between 12.1–10.8 and 9.43–9.13 kyrs ago, occurring at depths of 2.1–2.3 m. These data, along with the aforementioned geotechnical analyses, indicate that this site would indeed be liquefiable in a 1915-like earthquake. Although we found a broad agreement among CPTu, DMT and shear wave velocity “simplified procedures” in detecting the liquefaction potential of the Pozzone soil, our results suggest that the use and comparison of different in situ techniques are highly recommended for reliable estimates of the cyclic liquefaction resistance in lacustrine sites characterized by high content of fine-grained soils. In geologic environments similar to the one analysed in this work, where it is difficult to detect liquefiable layers, one can identify sites that are susceptible to liquefaction only by using detailed stratigraphic reconstructions, in situ characterization, and laboratory analyses. This has implications for basic (Level 1) seismic microzonation mapping, which typically relies on the use of empirical evaluations based on geologic maps and pre-existing sub-surface data (i.e., age and type of deposits, prevailing grain size, with particular attention paid to clean sands, and depth of the water table).  相似文献   

Key structural parameters affecting earthquake ground motion in 2D and 3D sedimentary structures     

Peter Moczo  Jozef Kristek  Pierre-Yves Bard  Svetlana Stripajová  Fabrice Hollender  Zuzana Chovanová  Miriam Kristeková  Deborah Sicilia 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(6):2421-2450

Alluvial valleys generate strong effects on earthquake ground motion (EGM). These effects are rarely accounted for even in site-specific studies because of (a) the cost of the required geophysical surveys to constrain the site model, (b) lack of data for empirical prediction, and (c) poor knowledge of the key controlling parameters. We performed 3D, 2D and 1D simulations for six typical sedimentary valleys of various width and depth, and for a variety of modifications of these 6 “nominal models” to investigate sensitivity of EGM characteristics to impedance contrast, attenuation, velocity gradient and geometry. We calculated amplification factors, and 2D/1D and 3D/2D aggravation factors for 10 EGM characteristics, using a representative set of recorded accelerograms to account for input motion variability. The largest values of the amplification and aggravation factors are found for the Arias intensity and cumulative absolute velocity, the lowest for the root-mean-square acceleration. The aggravation factors are largest for the vertical component. For each model, at least one EGM characteristic exhibits a significant 2D/1D aggravation factor, while all EGM characteristics exhibit significant 2D/1D aggravation factor on the vertical component. For all investigated sites, there is always an area in the valley for which 1D estimates are not sufficient. 2D estimates are insufficient at several sites. The key structural parameters are the shape ratio and overall geometry of the sediment-bedrock interface, impedance contrast at the sediment-bedrock interface, and attenuation in sediments. The amplification factors may largely exceed the values that are usually considered in GMPEs between soft soils and rock sites.  相似文献   

Development of a unified oil droplet size distribution model with application to surface breaking waves and subsea blowout releases considering dispersant effects     

Zhengkai Li  Malcolm Spaulding  Deborah French McCay  Deborah Crowley  James R. Payne 《Marine pollution bulletin》2017,114(1):247-257

An oil droplet size model was developed for a variety of turbulent conditions based on non-dimensional analysis of disruptive and restorative forces, which is applicable to oil droplet formation under both surface breaking-wave and subsurface-blowout conditions, with or without dispersant application. This new model was calibrated and successfully validated with droplet size data obtained from controlled laboratory studies of dispersant-treated and non-treated oil in subsea dispersant tank tests and field surveys, including the Deep Spill experimental release and the Deepwater Horizon blowout oil spill. This model is an advancement over prior models, as it explicitly addresses the effects of the dispersed phase viscosity, resulting from dispersant application and constrains the maximum stable droplet size based on Rayleigh-Taylor instability that is invoked for a release from a large aperture.  相似文献   

Transportation sustainability in the urban context: a comprehensive review     

Selima Sultana  Deborah Salon  Michael Kuby 《Urban geography》2019,40(3):279-308

ABSTRACT

Although the term “sustainability” did not gain traction until the 1980s, concerns about the consequences of transportation technology started long before. This paper reviews the literature on urban transportation sustainability using three frameworks. First, urban transportation can be unsustainable environmentally, economically, and socially (the three pillars of sustainability). Second, sustainable strategies tend to fall into two paradigms. Sustainable Transport Technology improves current patterns of modes and trips by consuming less resources and generating less waste. Sustainable Travel Behavior and Built Environment takes a more holistic approach that targets more sustainable travel choices, recognizing that changes in the built environment that currently constrains those choices are also essential. Third, the Planner’s Triangle helps explain commonly encountered situations where inherent tradeoffs can impede win-win-win strategies across environmental, economic, and social domains. The paper concludes with future research directions and concluding thoughts about urban transportation and sustainability.  相似文献   

Development and skill assessment of a real-time hydrologic-hydrodynamic-wave modeling system for Lake Champlain flood forecasting     

Titze  Daniel  Beletsky  Dmitry  Feyen  Jesse  Saunders  William  Mason  Lacey  Kessler  James  Chu  Philip  Lee  Deborah 《Ocean Dynamics》2023,73(5):231-248

Ocean Dynamics - In response to record-breaking flooding on Lake Champlain in 2011, the International Joint Commission launched a 5-year study to explore solutions to flooding in the binational...  相似文献   

The effect of interface properties on retaining wall behaviour     

R. A. Day  D. M. Potts 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1998,22(12):1021-1033

A series of finite element analyses have been undertaken to investigate the effects of interface properties on the behaviour of a vertical retaining wall and the deformation of the ground around it. The boundary between a rigid embedded wall and the soil is modelled with zero thickness interface elements. Uniform translation of the wall has been studied. The analyses show the predicted limiting active and passive pressure on the wall are dependent on the maximum wall friction angle and are in reasonable agreement with accepted approximate analytical solutions. The limiting pressure is independent of the stiffness and dilation properties of the interface elements. The dilation properties of the interface have a significant effect on the ground surface deformation around the wall. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Metabolic activity throughout early development of dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus (Sciaenidae)     

C Edworthy  NC James  B Erasmus  JOG Kemp  H Kaiser  WM Potts 《African Journal of Marine Science》2018,40(1):67-74

The physiology of fishes in the early stages of development remains poorly assessed despite the importance of identifying energy bottlenecks in organisms faced with changing environmental conditions. This study describes the metabolic activity of dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus throughout its early development, from hatchling to settlement stage. Standard, routine and active metabolic rates (SMR, RMR and AMR, respectively) were assessed to determine the species’ metabolic scope and identify how metabolism changes with growth and development. Distinct metabolic changes occurred in association with developmental changes during the early life stages, with flexion-stage larvae showing significantly reduced metabolic scope (approx. 0.30 µmol O₂ ind.^–1 h^–1), representing an energy bottleneck. Based on these findings, it is likely that larvae of A. japonicus are most susceptible to environmental perturbations during flexion. The variability of metabolic rates during the diel cycle was also assessed and revealed that the early-stage larvae showed no preference for daylight, although settlement-stage juveniles were more active during daylight hours (RMR = 12.78 µmol O₂ ind.^–1 h^–1) than at night (RMR = 5.87 µmol O₂ ind.^–1 h^–1). These results suggest that metabolic measurements of the SMR of A. japonicus larvae can be taken at any time of the diel cycle until the settlement phase, when readings should take place at night.  相似文献