Grappling with Growth: Perceptions of Development and Preservation in Faster- and Slower-Growing Amenity Communities*     

Minkyung Park  Monika Derrien  Emilian Geczi 《社会与自然资源》2019,32(1):73-92

Amenity-rich rural communities attract tourists, retirees, second-home owners, and others whose values are often assumed to conflict with those of longtime residents. While prior research has examined attitudinal differences across types of residents, questions about the effects of community growth on residents’ attitudes remain unanswered. This study examines whether and how seasonal and permanent residents differ within and across towns experiencing different rates of growth, and the implications of differences for attitudes toward community development and preservation. Results showed that permanent residents (both short- and long-term) perceived community development initiatives as more important to maintaining future quality of life than did seasonal homeowners. Further, community growth rates had statistically significant effects: residents of slower-growth towns attributed higher importance to both development and preservation initiatives than did residents of faster-growing towns. Growth rate was thus a stronger predictor of attitudes toward both development and preservation than resident type.  相似文献   

Effect of tooth spacing and mesh size on the catch of the Portuguese clam and razor clam dredge   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Gaspar  M. B.; Castro  M.; Monteiro  C. C. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1999,56(1):103-110

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Hydrology of the Nile basin: Mamdouh Shahin. (Developments in Water Science, 21) Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. xv + 575 pp., Dfl. 250.00/US $92.50, ISBN 0-444-42433-4 (hardback)     

Emilian Gaspar 《Journal of Hydrology》1987,90(3-4):362-363

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Geochemistry of Santo Antônio da Barra Kamafugites, Goiás, Brazil     

Patricia Barbosa de Albuquerque Sgarbi  Jos Carlos Gaspar 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2002,14(8):236

This work focuses on the kamafugites from Santo Antônio da Barra, Minas–Goiás Alkaline Province. These rocks contain olivine, clinopyroxene, titanomagnetite, perovskite, leucite (pseudomorphs), kalsilite, nepheline, and phlogopite.The rocks investigated are ultrabasic, with high contents of CaO, FeO, and TiO₂, high to moderate contents of Al₂O₃, alkalis, and P₂O₅, and low contents of MgO. The alkaline characteristic of the rocks is reflected in TiO₂, K₂O, and Na₂O contents and in the frequent presence of normative nepheline and leucite. K₂O contents are not primary since most of the leucite was replaced by analcime.The negative K anomaly verified in the extended incompatible element distribution diagram for kamafugites seems to be mainly related to alteration. Kamafugites are characterized by a marked enrichment in incompatible and large ion lithophile elements together with other typical compatible elements.The Santo Antônio da Barra kamafugites are less enriched in titanium, niobium, zirconium, and REE than the Mata da Corda and most of the Toro-Ankole ones. San Venanzo–Cupaello rocks have much lower titanium contents.  相似文献   

Chromian spinels in metamorphosed ultramafic rocks from Mangabal I and II complexes, Goiás, Brazil     

M. A. F. Candia  J. C. Gaspar 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,60(1-2):27-40

Summary Chromian spinel occurs in feldspathic metaperidotites and feldspathic metaharzburgites, respectively, at Mangabal I and II mafic-ultramafic layered complexes, Brazil. Both complexes were metamorphosed (700-750°C and 6-7 Kbars) under variable P_{H 2}O conditions. Wherever P_{H 2}O = P_tot an almost complete metamorphic recrystallization occurred, but where P_{H 2}O < P_tot relict igneous cumulate textures are well preserved. Chromian spinel occurs as opaque grains included in cumulus olivine and as brown translucent crystals enclosed by intercumulus orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase. Subsolidus reactions resulted in exsolution of opaque spinel into two phases: a Fe⁺²Fe ₂ ⁺³ -rich and a MgAl₂-rich one. Fe₂TiO₄-rich lamellae and patches may also occur. Coronas developed between olivine and plagioclase including orthopyroxene, pargasite and MgAl₂-rich green spinel. Whenever complete metamorphic reequilibration occurred (P_{H 2}O = Ptot) the brown and green spinels reacted with silicate phase to form clinochlore, leaving the Fe+2Fe ₂ ⁺³ -rich spinel phase, magnetite.

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Chromspinelle in metamorphen, ultramafischen Gesteinen der Mangabal I und II Komplexe, Goiás, Brasilien

Zusammenfassung Chromspinell kommt in feldspatführenden Metaperidotiten und Metaharzburgiten in den geschichteten mafisch-ultramafischen Komplexen in Mangabal I and II, Brasilien, vor. Beide Komplexe wurden unter variablem P_{H 2}O metamorphisiert (700–750°C, 6–7 Kbar). Während unter fluidreichen Bedingungen (P_{H 2}(O = P_tot) eine beinahe vollständige metamorphe Rekristallisation erfolgte, bleiben unter P_{H 2}O < P_tot reliktische magmatische Kumulustexturen erhalten. Chromspinell tritt in opaken körnern in Kumulus-Olivin und als braune, durchscheinende Körner, eingeschlossen in den Interkumulusmineralen Orthopyroxen, Klinopyroxen und Plagioklas, auf. Subsolidusreaktionen resultierten in der Entmischung von opakem Spinell in eine Fe²⁺ Fe ₂ ³⁺ -und eine MgAl₂-reiche Phase. Fe₂TiO₄-reiche Lamellen und Nester treten außerdem auf. Koronas zwischen Olivin und Plagioklas bestehen aus Orthopyroxen, Pargasit und grünem MgAl₂-reichem Spinell. Dort wo ein vollständige metamorphe Reequilibration (P_{H 2}O = P_tot) erfolgte, reagierte brauner und grüner Spinell mit Silikaten und bildete clinochlor, unter Zurücklassung von Fe²⁺Fe ₂ ³⁺ -reichem Spinell, dem Magnetit.

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With 8 Figures  相似文献   

Influence of mesh size and tooth spacing on the proportion of damaged organisms in the catches of the Portuguese clam dredge fishery     

Gaspar  Miguel B.; Leitao  Francisco; Santos  Miguel N.; Sobral  Manuel; Chicharo  Luis; Chicharo  Alexandra; Monteiro  Carlos C. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2002,59(6):1228-1236

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U–Pb perovskite ages for brazilian kamafugitic rocks: further support for a temporal link to a mantle plume hotspot track     

Patrícia B. A. Sgarbi  Larry M. Heaman  Jos Carlos Gaspar 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2004,16(8):95

We present the results of a U–Pb perovskite age study of kamafugites from Mata da Corda (MC) and Santo Antônio da Barra (SAB), Minas-Goiás alkaline province, Brazil. Perovskite crystals were separated from MC mafurites, ugandites, and cognate pyroxenites, as well as from SAB melilite mafurite. The range of ages of Brazilian kamafugitic samples is 15 Ma. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U perovskite ages generally cluster into three age groupings: 88–90, 80–81, and 75–76 Ma. The two younger periods of kamafugitic magmatism occur in the MC area, whereas the older samples are from the SAB area. These new age results provide the first robust evidence of a progressive eastward younging of mafic alkaline magmatism, most likely related to a mantle plume hotspot track.  相似文献   

REE in skarn systems: A LA-ICP-MS study of garnets from the Crown Jewel gold deposit   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

Miguel Gaspar  Charles Knaack 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(1):185-205

Metamorphic and magmatic garnets are known to fractionate REE, with generally HREE-enriched patterns, and high Lu/Hf and Sm/Nd ratios, making them very useful as geochemical tracers and in geochronological studies. However, these garnets are typically Al-rich (pyrope, almandine, spessartine, and grossular) and little is known about garnets with a more andraditic (Fe³⁺) composition, as frequently found in skarn systems. This paper presents LA-ICP-MS data for garnets from the Crown Jewel Au-skarn deposit (USA), discusses the factors controlling incorporation of REE into garnets, and strengthens the potential of garnet REE geochemistry as a tool to help understand the evolution of metasomatic fluids.Garnets from the Crown Jewel deposit range from Adr₃₀Grs₇₀ to almost pure andradite (Adr_>99). Fe-rich garnets (Adr_>90) are isotropic, whereas Al-rich garnets deviate from cubic symmetry and are anisotropic, often showing sectorial dodecahedral twinning. All garnets are extremely LILE-depleted, Ta, Hf, and Th and reveal a positive correlation of ΣREE³⁺ with Al content. The Al-rich garnets are relatively enriched in Y, Zr, and Sc and show “typical” HREE-enriched and LREE-depleted patterns with small Eu anomalies. Fe-rich garnets (Adr_>90) have much lower ΣREE and exhibit LREE-enriched and HREE-depleted patterns, with a strong positive Eu anomaly. Incorporation of REE into garnet is in part controlled by its crystal chemistry, with REE³⁺ following a coupled, YAG-type substitution mechanism , whereas Eu²⁺ substitutes for X²⁺ cations. Thermodynamic data (e.g., H_mixing) in grossular-andradite mixtures suggest preferential incorporation of HREE in grossular and LREE in more andraditic compositions.Variations in textural and optical features and in garnet geochemistry are largely controlled by external factors, such as fluid composition, W/R ratios, mineral growth kinetics, and metasomatism dynamics, suggesting an overall system that shifts dynamically between internally and externally buffered fluid chemistry driven by fracturing. Al-rich garnets formed by diffusive metasomatism, at low W/R ratios, from host-rock buffered metasomatic fluids. Fe-rich garnets grow rapidly by advective metasomatism, at higher W/R ratios, from magmatic-derived fluids, consistent with an increase in porosity by fracturing.  相似文献   

Analysis of Effective Efficiency in decision making for irrigation interventions     

Naim Haie  Rui M. Pereira  Gaspar J. Machado  Andrew A. Keller 《Water Resources》2012,39(6):700-707

Multiple stresses are putting great pressure on water resources systems. Population growth, climate change, prosperity, energy production, food crisis, and water governance are among the factors straining water resources. Decision makers from rich to poor countries and from commercial to non-governmental organisations are struggling to devise schemes to adapt to these stressed water conditions. Better efficiency for water resources systems, and particularly irrigation systems, is recommended as one of the most important responses to climate change, unsustainable development, and water shortage. However, using certain efficiencies such as Classical Efficiency caused systems not to perform according to decision makers?? objectives. Effective Efficiency is a robust composite indicator that includes in its formulation both a flow weight, taking into account the leaching fraction, and reuse of return flows. Classical Efficiency is defined as the percentage of the diversion consumed beneficially, such as by crop evapotranspiration. Effective Efficiency, on the other hand, is defined as the ratio of beneficial consumptive use to total consumption, expressed as a percentage. In this paper, a normalised and non-dimensional form of Effective Efficiency is developed and necessary constraints for its successful application are explained. These constraints express water balance, flow weights and their thresholds, water reuse, and total consumptive use. Basic guidelines are proposed for better decision making in determining possible interventions for improving Effective Efficiency. This is done by analysing its domain through analytical and graphical methods. Three real cases are considered, namely, Imperial Irrigation District and Grand Valley irrigation systems in the United States and Nile Valley in upper Egypt. Three-dimensional sensitivity analysis is performed on Effective Efficiency and its variables using the three cases. This leads to an examination of the validity of the analysis and to suggestions for better intervention options. Meanwhile, it is also shown why Classical Efficiency should be used with care.  相似文献   

Environmental influences on soil CO₂ degassing at Furnas and Fogo volcanoes (São Miguel Island,Azores archipelago)     

F. Viveiros  T. Ferreira  J. Cabral Vieira  C. Silva  J.L. Gaspar 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Since October 2001, four soil CO₂ flux stations were installed in the island of São Miguel (Azores archipelago), at Fogo and Furnas quiescent central volcanoes. These stations perform measurements by the accumulation chamber method and, as the gas flux may be influenced by external variables, the stations are equipped with several meteorological sensors. Multivariate regression analysis applied to the large datasets obtained allowed observing that the meteorological variables may influence the soil CO₂ flux oscillations from 18% to 50.5% at the different monitoring sites. Additionally, it was observed that meteorological variables (mainly soil water content, barometric pressure, wind speed and rainfall) play a different role in the control of the gas flux, depending on the selected monitoring site and may cause significant short-term (spike-like) fluctuations. These divergences may be potentially explained by the porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the soils, topographic effects, drainage area and different exposure of the monitoring sites to the weather conditions. Seasonal effects are responsible for long-term oscillations on the gas flux.  相似文献