One million years of cultural evolution in a stable environment at Atapuerca (Burgos,Spain)     

J. Rodríguez  F. Burjachs  G. Cuenca-Bescós  N. García  J. Van der Made  A. Pérez González  H.-A. Blain  I. Expósito  J.M. López-García  M. García Antón  E. Allué  I. Cáceres  R. Huguet  M. Mosquera  A. Ollé  J. Rosell  J.M. Parés  X.P. Rodríguez  C. Díez  J. Rofes  E. Carbonell 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(11-12):1396-1412

The present paper analyses the evidence provided by three sites (Sima del Elefante, Gran Dolina, and Galería) located in the Trinchera del Ferrocarril of the Sierra de Atapuerca. These three sites are cave infillings that contain sediments deposited from approximately 1.2 Ma to 200 kyr. Pollen, herpetofauna, and small and large mammal remains are used as proxies to obtain a general picture of the environmental changes that occurred at the Sierra de Atapuerca throughout the one million-year period represented at these sites. Similarly, cultural changes are tracked analyzing the evidence of human behavior obtained from the study of several bone and lithic assemblages from these three sites. At least three periods with different cultural features, involving technology, subsistence and behavior, are determined from the available evidence. The first two periods correspond to the Mode 1 technology and Homo antecessor: the first is dated around 1.2 to 1.0 Ma and reflects opportunistic behavior both in technology and subsistence. The second period is around 800 kyr BP. Mode 1 technology is still maintained, but subsistence strategies include systematic hunting and the use of base camps. The third period is dated between 500 ka and 200 ka and corresponds to the Mode 2 technology and the acquisition of directional hunting and other organizational strategies by Homo heidelbergensis. A transition from Mode 2 to Mode 3 seems to appear at the end of this time-range, and may reflect the early phases of a fourth cultural change. With regard to the environment, our main conclusion is that there was an absence of extremely harsh conditions at Atapuerca throughout this time period. The presence of Mediterranean taxa was constant and the dominant landscape was a savannah-like open environment, probably with small forest patches. An alternation of Mediterranean and mesic species as the dominant component of the tree storey was induced by the climatic cycles, and steppes spread across the landscape during the drier periods. In any case, it is not possible to establish clear cut-off points separating entirely different environmental episodes. Our results show no evidence of any relationship between environmental change and cultural change at the Sierra de Atapuerca.  相似文献   

Hydro-morphological mapping of river reaches using videos captured with UAS     

Anette Eltner  László Bertalan  Jens Grundmann  Matthew Thomas Perks  Eliisa Lotsari 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(14):2773-2787

Unoccupied aerial systems (UASs) are frequently used in the field of fluvial geomorphology due to their capabilities for observing the continuum rather than single sample points. We introduce a (semi-)automatic workflow to measure river bathymetry and surface flow velocities of entire river reaches at high resolution, based on UAS videos and imagery. Video frame filtering improved the visibility of the riverbed using frame co-registration and averaging with a median filter. Subsequently, these video frames were incorporated with still images acquired by UASs into a structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry approach to reconstruct the camera poses (i.e. positions and orientations) and the 3D point cloud of the river reach. The heights of submerged points were further processed using small-angle and multi-view refraction correction approaches to account for the refraction impact. The flow velocity pattern of the river surface was measured using the estimated camera pose from SfM, the reconstructed bathymetric point cloud and the co-registered video frames in combination with image velocimetry analysis. Finally, discharge was estimated at selected cross-sections, considering the average surface velocity and the bathymetry. Three case studies were considered to assess the performance of the workflow under different environmental conditions. The studied river reaches spanned a length between 0.15 and 1 km. The bathymetry was reconstructed with average deviations to RTK-GNSS point measurements as low as 1 cm with a standard deviation of 6 cm. If frames were processed with the median filter, the number of underwater points increased by up to 21%. The image-based surface velocities revealed an average deviation to reference measurements between 0.05 and 0.08 m s⁻¹. The image-based discharge was estimated with deviations to ADCP references of up to 5%, however this was sensitive to errors in water-level retrieval. The output of our workflow can provide a valuable input to hydro-morphological models.  相似文献   

Paleoenvironmental conditions and strontium isotope stratigraphy in the Paleogene Gafsa Basin (Tunisia) deduced from geochemical analyses of phosphatic fossils     

László Kocsis  Anouar Ounis  Fredj Chaabani  Neili Mohamed Salah 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(4):1111-1129

Fossil shark teeth and coprolites from three major phosphorite occurrences in the Gafsa Basin (southwestern Tunisia) were investigated for their geochemical compositions to improve local stratigraphy and to better assess paleoenvironmental conditions. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios of shark teeth from the Early Maastrichtian El Haria Formation and from the Early Eocene Métlaoui s.s. Formation yielded Sr isotope ages of 68 ± 1 and 47.9 ± 1.3 Ma, respectively, which accord with the expected stratigraphic positions of these sediments. Conversely, shark teeth from the Paleocene–Eocene Chouabine Formation have large variation in Sr isotope ratios even within individual layers. After statistical treatment and then elimination of certain outlier samples, three age-models are proposed and discussed. The most reasonable solution includes three subsequent Sr ages of 61.8 ± 2.2 Ma, 57.2 ± 1.8 and 54.6 ± 1.6 for layer IX, layers VIII–V and layers IV–0, respectively. Three scenarios are discussed for explanation of the presence of the outliers: (1) diagenesis, (2) re-working and (3) locally controlled seawater Sr isotope ratio. The most plausible account for the higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios relative to the global ocean in some fossils is enhanced intrabasinal re-working due to low sea level. Conversely, the sample with lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr than the global seawater may link to diagenesis or to seawater influenced by weathering of Late Cretaceous marine carbonates, which latter is supported by model calculation as well. The ε_Nd values of these fossils are very similar to those reported for Paleogene and Late Cretaceous Tethyan seawater and are compatible with the above interpretations. The relatively low oxygen isotope values in shark teeth from the topmost phosphate bed of the Chouabine Formation, together with the Sr isotope results, point toward recovering better connections with the open sea. These δ¹⁸O data reflect elevated ambient temperature, which may link to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum.  相似文献   

Cathodoluminescence microscopy and spectroscopy of forsterite from Kaba meteorite: An application to the study of hydrothermal alteration of parent body     

Arnold Gucsik  Taro Endo  Hirotsugu Nishido  Kiyotaka Ninagawa  Masahiro Kayama  Szaniszló Bérczi  Szabolcs Nagy  Péter Ábrahám  Yuki Kimura  Hitoshi Miura  Ildikó Gyollai  Irakli Simonia  Péter Rózsa  József Posta  Dániel Apai  Krisztián Mihályi  Mihály Nagy  Ulrich Ott 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2013,48(12):2577-2596

Highly forsteritic olivine (Fo: 99.2–99.7) in the Kaba meteorite emits bright cathodoluminescence (CL). CL spectra of red luminescent forsterite grains have two broad emission bands at approximately 630 nm (impurity center of divalent Mn ions) in the red region and above 700 nm (trivalent Cr ions) in the red–IR region. The cores of the grains show CL blue luminescence giving a characteristic broad band emission at 400 nm, also associated with minor red emissions related to Mn and Cr ions. CL color variation of Kaba forsterite is attributed to structural defects. Electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) analysis shows concentrations of Ca, Al, and Ti in the center of the forsterite grain. The migration of diffusible ions of Mn, Cr, and Fe to the rim of the Kaba meteoritic forsterite was controlled by the hydrothermal alteration at relatively low temperature (estimated at about 250 °C), while Ca and Al ions might still lie in the core. A very unusual phase of FeO (wüstite) was also observed, which may be a terrestrial alteration product of FeNi‐metal.  相似文献   

The impact of topography on social factors,a case study of Montenegro   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

TELBISZ Tamás  BOTTLIK Zsolt  MARI László  K？SZEGI Margit 《山地科学学报》2014,11(1):131-141

Relationships between environmental and social factors have long been studied by geographers.Nowadays,GIS-aided statistical analysis provides new tools to explore these relationships.In order to detect the impact of topography on social factors,we selected the country of Montenegro as a case example due to its high topographic variability.We compared the spatial pattern of population,settlements and ethnic minorities to physical geographic factors,especially to topography,but lithology and land cover data were also taken into consideration.We found that certain factors are closely correlated,e.g.the settlement density linearly decreases with elevation,while the characteristic settlement area shows an exponential increase upwards.The population density is not related to absolute elevation,but it is in close correlation with height（i.e.elevation relative to the local minimum）.Population change and illiteracy are also topography-related social factors.On the contrary,the variable ethnic pattern of Montenegro is influenced by historical,political and economic effects rather than by environmental factors or topographic features.As a conclusion we state that in the scale of a country or a region,the environment can strongly impact some social factors.  相似文献   

The online TÉKA database,an integrated approach to landmark inventorization     

László Kollányi  Attila Csemez  Sándor Jombach  Zsolt Szilvácsku 《国际地球制图》2013,28(1):80-94

The reduction of untouched areas and the increase in residential, agricultural and industrial areas have gained speed in recent decades. As a result of the changes, one can often observe the disappearance of landmarks that had been connected to production, habitation and transportation. The first step for the preservation of landmarks is their identification and inventorization. In the ordinary sense of the word, ‘landmarks’ mean the important landscape heritage of national history and culture, which need to be identified, protected and preserved for future generations. The purpose of the TÉKA project was to compile a landmark cadastral register that will contribute to the preservation of landscape-related and cultural heritage in Hungary. The landmark cadastral is a Wikipedia-like GIS-based web site. One of the novelties of the TÉKA database is that the data obtained from various sources are gathered in a common, online GIS and integrated into a uniform meta database.  相似文献   

Artificial neural networks and geostatistical models for housing valuations in urban residential areas     

M. Carmen Morillo Balsera  Sandra Martínez-Cuevas  Iñigo Molina Sánchez  César García-Aranda  M. Estibaliz Martinez Izquierdo 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):184-193

Property valuation studies often use classical statistics techniques. Among these techniques, the Artificial Neural Networks are the most applied, overcoming the inflexibility and the linearity of the hedonic models. Other researchers have used Geostatistics techniques, specifically the Kriging Method, for interpreting spatial-temporal variability and to predict housing unit prices. The innovation of this study is to highlight how the Kriging Method can help to better understand the urban environment, improving the results obtained by classical statistics. This study presents two different methods that share the general objective of extracting information regarding a city’s housing from datasets. The procedures applied are Ordinary Kriging (Geostatistics) and Multi-Layer Perceptron algorithm (Artificial Neural Networks). These methods were used to predict housing unit prices in the municipality of Pozuelo de Alarcon (Madrid). The implementation of both methods provides us with the urban characteristics of the study area and the most significant variables related to price. The main conclusion is that the Ordinary Kriging models and the Neural Networks models, applied to predicting housing unit prices are necessary methodologies to improve the information obtained in classical statistical techniques.

Abbreviations: ANN: Artificial Neural Networks; OK: ordinary Kriging; MLP: multi-layer perceptron  相似文献   

OSL-dating the Quaternary landscape evolution in the Vértes Hills forelands (Hungary)     

Edit Thamó-Bozsó  Gábor Csillag  László I. Fodor  Pál M. Müller  Attila Nagy 《Quaternary Geochronology》2010,5(2-3):120-124

Fluvial, colluvial, and aeolian sediments were dated by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) on quartz to improve the chronological framework for Quaternary sedimentation and landscape evolution in the forelands of the Vértes Hills (central Hungary). The separated quartz was suitable for age determination based on an OSL SAR protocol. Most samples have asymmetric equivalent dose distributions and OSL ages were calculated by the mean, central, and minimum D_e values. Considering geomorphology and earlier age data from the area, the central D_e values seem most appropriate for age calculation. A fan on the geomorphological level QV in the western foreland of the Vértes Hills was deposited 79–75 (±8) ka ago. In the south-eastern foreland an alluvial fan on level QIIb is at most 42 ± 4 ka old. Fluvial incision and aggradation occurred 16–10 (±1) ka ago on the geomorphic surface QIIa. Loess is 14 ± 1 ka old, and slope sedimentation was active 11–9 (±1) ka ago. Our OSL data demonstrate that in the north-western foreland of the Vértes Hills wind remained an important agent after the last glacial times, into the early Holocene (9–8 ± 1 ka) and was able to accumulate large aeolian dunes.  相似文献   

西班牙的房地产泡沫:城市化与城市建设     

Onofre Rullan  SòniaVives-Miró  JesúsM.GonzálezPérez  尹子潇  顾朝林  陈明玉 《地理研究》2016,35(7):1383-1396

聚焦于西班牙1996-2007年间的房地产泡沫,此次危机与西班牙前两次经历的地产泡沫有着相似的背景条件：将住房建设作为利好投机性投资。但几次泡沫供给结构却不同：此次住房供给主要为分散式,不同于以往的集中供应;旅游地产大量出现;房屋拥有型社会形成。作者认为供给结构的改变并非危机的主要原因,并提出了造成房地产泡沫的四个关键要素：符合一定条件的土地、土地规划的配合、充足的资金与可获得的土地所有权。结论是：政策的制定直接影响土地利用、发展规划、金融系统与个人资产、造成住房由使用品变为投机投资的对象、银行体系信用缺乏保障,最终导致了住房库存量陡增,大量房屋拆除事件与失业率攀升等经济和社会方面的不良影响。  相似文献   

Neogene–Quaternary structures in the border zone between Alps, Dinarides and Pannonian Basin (Hrvatsko zagorje and Karlovac Basins, Croatia)     

Bruno Tomljenović  László Csontos 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2001,90(3):560-578

Analysis of Neogene-Quaternary structures from seismic lines, surface measurements and geological-mapping is presented from the border zone between the Alps, Dinarides and Pannonian Basin. First, Early Miocene extension was possibly characterised by ENE directed extension. It was partly synchronous with NW-SE shortening. Second, Middle Miocene extension was possibly characterised by NW-SE to WNW-ESE directed extension. Again, this event was followed by a new generation of thrusts related to end-Sarmatian shortening. The last, Late Miocene E-W to WNW-ESE directed extension was followed by a final shortening that created major, map-scale folds, basement pop-ups and inverted former basins. Geometry, onlap and thickness patterns of the youngest syn-tectonic basin fill indicate that this last, N-S to NW-SE directed shortening started in Late Pontian and continued up to the present time. When taking into account the wider surrounding area, it seems that the structures related to this latest shortening are arranged in often perpendicular directions, centred at the eastern end of the Periadriatic lineament. To explain this fan-like pattern of synchronous shortenings a kinematic model is proposed combining counter-clockwise rotation with north- or northwestward shift of the Dinaridic block with respect to the more stable Alpine buttress.  相似文献