Why chromatic imaging matters     

Joel Sanchez-Bermudez  Florentin Millour  Fabien Baron  Roy van Boekel  Laurent Bourgès  Gilles Duvert  Paulo J. V. Garcia  Nuno Gomes  Karl-Heinz Hofmann  Thomas Henning  Jacob W. Isbell  Bruno Lopez  Alexis Matter  J-Uwe Pott  Dieter Schertl  Eric Thiébaut  Gerd Weigelt  John Young 《Experimental Astronomy》2018,46(3):457-473

During the last two decades, the first generation of beam combiners at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer has proved the importance of optical interferometry for high-angular resolution astrophysical studies in the near- and mid-infrared. With the advent of 4-beam combiners at the VLTI, the u ? v coverage per pointing increases significantly, providing an opportunity to use reconstructed images as powerful scientific tools. Therefore, interferometric imaging is already a key feature of the new generation of VLTI instruments, as well as for other interferometric facilities like CHARA and JWST. It is thus imperative to account for the current image reconstruction capabilities and their expected evolutions in the coming years. Here, we present a general overview of the current situation of optical interferometric image reconstruction with a focus on new wavelength-dependent information, highlighting its main advantages and limitations. As an Appendix we include several cookbooks describing the usage and installation of several state-of-the art image reconstruction packages. To illustrate the current capabilities of the software available to the community, we recovered chromatic images, from simulated MATISSE data, using the MCMC software SQUEEZE. With these images, we aim at showing the importance of selecting good regularization functions and their impact on the reconstruction.  相似文献   

Assessment and Assimilation of FY-3 Humidity Sounders and Imager in the UK Met Office Global Model     

Fabien CARMINATI  Brett CANDY  William BELL  Nigel ATKINSON 《大气科学进展》2018,35(8):942-954

China's Feng Yun 3(FY-3) polar orbiting satellites are set to become an important source of observational data for numerical weather prediction(NWP),atmospheric reanalyses,and climate monitoring studies over the next two decades.As part of the Climate Science for Service Partnership China(CSSP China) program,FY-3 B Microwave Humidity Sounder 1(MWHS-1) and FY-3 C MWHS-2 observations have been thoroughly assessed and prepared for operational assimilation.This represents the first time observations from China's polar orbiting satellites have been used in the UK's global NWP model.Since 2016,continuous data quality monitoring has shown occasional bias changes found to be correlated to changes in the energy supply scheme regulating the platform heating system and other transient anomalies.Nonetheless,MWHS-1 and MWHS-2 significantly contribute to the 24-h forecast error reduction by 0.3% and 0.6%,respectively,and the combination of both instruments is shown to improve the fit to the model background of independent sounders by up to 1%.The observations from the Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI) also are a potentially significant source of benefits for NWP models,but a solar-dependent bias observed in the instrument half-orbits has prevented their assimilation.This paper presents the bases of a correction scheme developed at the Met Office for the purpose of a future assimilation of MWRI data.  相似文献   

Analysis of unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons extracted from Late Archean sediments by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)     

Gregory T. Ventura  Fabien Kenig  Christopher M. Reddy  Glenn S. Frysinger  Robert K. Nelson  Ben Van Mooy  Richard B. Gaines 《Organic Geochemistry》2008,39(7):846-867

Hydrocarbon mixtures too complex to resolve by traditional capillary gas chromatography display gas chromatograms with dramatically rising baselines or “humps” of coeluting compounds that are termed unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs). Because the constituents of UCMs are not ordinarily identified, a large amount of geochemical information is never explored. Gas chromatograms of saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons extracted from Late Archean argillites and greywackes of the southern Abitibi Province of Ontario, Canada contain UCMs with different appearances or “topologies” relating to the intensity and retention time of the compounds comprising the UCMs. These topologies appear to have some level of stratigraphic organization, such that samples collected at any stratigraphic formation collectively are dominated by UCMs that either elute early- (within a window of C₁₅–C₂₀ n-alkanes), early- to mid- (C₁₅–C₃₀ n-alkanes), or have a broad UCM that extends through the entire retention time of the sample (from C₁₅–C₄₂ n-alkanes). Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–MS) was used to resolve the constituents forming these various UCMs. Early- to mid-eluting UCMs are dominated by configurational isomers of alkyl-substituted and non-substituted polycyclic compounds that contain up to six rings. Late eluting UCMs are composed of C₃₆–C₄₀ mono-, bi-, and tricyclic archaeal isoprenoid diastereomers. Broad UCMs spanning the retention time of compound elution contain nearly the same compounds observed in the early-, mid-, and late-retention time UCMs. Although the origin of the polycyclic compounds is unclear, the variations in the UCM topology appear to depend on the concentration of initial compound classes that have the potential to become isomerized. Isomerization of these constituents may have resulted from hydrothermal alteration of organic matter.  相似文献   

Sedimentation, distribution and diagenesis of organic matter in a recent carbonate environment, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.     

Fabien Kenig  Alain Y. Huc  Bruce H. Purser  Jean-Louis Oudin 《Organic Geochemistry》1990,16(4-6)

In the modern hypersaline carbonate lagoon and sabkha sedimentary environments of Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), three types of organic matter originate respectively from microbial mat, Avicennia mangrove, and Halodule lagoonal seagrass. The study of recent sedimentary processes and cross sections through the sabkha sediments lead to the definition of organo-sedimentary facies based on geochemical and sedimentological criteria. This permits the construction of an organo-sedimentary sequence which expresses the Holocene sedimentary record involving a transgressive and a regressive sequence. The various organic facies occur in both sequences.Heterogeneity within the individual organic facies reflects several factors, including sedimentation dynamics, mineral matrix, oxidation and reduction, and selective organic and mineral diagenesis. These parameters are discussed in terms of depositional environment and location within the organo-sedimentary sequence. Changes in distribution, quantity, and preservation potential of the buried organic matter are discussed in terms of sea level changes and sedimentary accretion rates.  相似文献   

Radar observations and a physical model of Asteroid 1580 Betulia     

Christopher Magri  Steven J. Ostro  Michael C. Nolan  Lance A.M. Benner 《Icarus》2007,186(1):152-177

We report Arecibo (2380-MHz, 13-cm) observations of Asteroid 1580 Betulia in May-June 2002. We combine these continuous-wave Doppler spectra and delay-Doppler images with optical lightcurves from the 1976 and 1989 apparitions in order to estimate Betulia's shape and spin vector. We confirm the spin vector solution of Kaasalainen et al. [Kaasalainen, M., and 21 colleagues, 2004. Icarus 167, 178-196], with sidereal period P=6.13836 h and ecliptic pole direction (λ,β)=(136°,+22°), and obtain a model that resembles the Kaasalainen et al. convex-definite shape reconstruction but is dominated by a prominent concavity in the southern hemisphere. We find that Betulia has a maximum breadth of 6.59±0.66 km and an effective diameter of 5.39±0.54 km. These dimensions are in accord with reanalyzed polarimetric and radar data from the 1970s. Our effective diameter is 15% larger than the best radiometric estimate of Harris et al. [Harris, A.W., Mueller, M., Delbó, M., Bus, S.J., 2005. Icarus 179, 95-108], but this difference is much smaller than the size differences between past models. Considering orbits of test particles around Betulia, we find that this asteroid's unusual shape results in six equilibrium points close to its equatorial plane rather than the usual four points; two of these six points represent stable synchronous orbits while four are unstable. Betulia's close planetary encounters can be predicted for over four thousand years into the future.  相似文献   

Serpentinites act as sponges for fluid‐mobile elements in abyssal and subduction zone environments     

Fabien Deschamps  Stéphane Guillot  Marguerite Godard  Muriel Andreani  Kéiko Hattori 《地学学报》2011,23(3):171-178

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Along-strike variations of P–T conditions in accretionary wedges and syn-orogenic extension,the HP–LT Phyllite–Quartzite Nappe in Crete and the Peloponnese     

Laurent Jolivet  Fabien Trotet  Patrick Monié  Olivier Vidal  Bruno Goffé  Loïc Labrousse  Philippe Agard  Bad'r Ghorbal 《Tectonophysics》2010,480(1-4):133-148

Syn-orogenic detachments in accretionary wedges make the exhumation of high-pressure and low-temperature metamorphic rocks possible with little erosion. The velocity of exhumation within the subduction channel or the accretionary complex, and thus the shape of P–T paths, depend upon the kinematic boundary conditions. A component of slab retreat tends to open the channel and facilitates the exhumation. We document the effect of slab retreat on the shape of P–T paths using the example of the Phyllite–Quartzite Nappe that has been exhumed below the Cretan syn-orogenic detachment during the Miocene in Crete and the Peloponnese. Data show a clear tendency toward colder conditions at peak pressure and during exhumation where the intensity of slab retreat is larger. This spatial evolution of P–T gradient is accompanied with an evolution from a partly coaxial regime below the Peloponnese section of the detachment toward a clearly non-coaxial regime in Crete.  相似文献   

The effect of chrysotile nanotubes on the serpentine-fluid Li-isotopic fractionation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bernd Wunder  Fabien Deschamps  Anke Watenphul  Stéphane Guillot  Anette Meixner  Rolf L. Romer  Richard Wirth 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,159(6):781-790

We determined the lithium isotope fractionation between synthetic Li-bearing serpentine phases lizardite, chrysotile, antigorite, and aqueous fluid in the P,T range 0.2–4.0 GPa, 200–500°C. For experiments in the systems lizardite-fluid and antigorite-fluid, ⁷Li preferentially partitioned into the fluid and Δ⁷Li values followed the T-dependent fractionation of Li-bearing mica-fluid (Wunder et al. 2007). By contrast, for chrysotile-fluid experiments, ⁷Li weakly partitioned into chrysotile. This contrasting behavior might be due to different Li environments in the three serpentine varieties: in lizardite and antigorite lithium is sixfold coordinated, whereas in chrysotile lithium is incorporated in two ways, octahedrally and as Li-bearing water cluster filling the nanotube cores. Low-temperature IR spectroscopic measurements of chrysotile showed significant amounts of water, whose freezing point was suppressed due to the Li contents and the confined geometry of the fluid within the tubes. The small inverse Li-isotopic fractionation for chrysotile-fluid results from intra-crystalline Li isotope fractionation of octahedral Li^[6] with preference to ⁶Li and lithium within the channels (Li^[Ch]) of chrysotile, favoring ⁷Li. The nanotubes of chrysotile possibly serve as important carrier of Li and perhaps also of other fluid-mobile elements in serpentinized oceanic crust. This might explain higher Li abundances for low-T chrysotile-bearing serpentinites relative to high-T serpentinites. Isotopically heavy Li-bearing fluids of chrysotile nanotubes could be released at relatively shallow depths during subduction, prior to complete chrysotile reactions to form antigorite. During further subduction, fluids produced during breakdown of serpentine phases will be depleted in ⁷Li. This behavior might explain some of the Li-isotopic heterogeneities observed for serpentinized peridotites.  相似文献   

Radar imaging of Asteroid 7 Iris     

S.J. Ostro  C. Magri  L.A.M. Benner  M.C. Nolan  M.W. Busch 《Icarus》2010,207(1):285-294

Arecibo radar images of Iris obtained in November 2006 reveal a topographically complex object whose gross shape is approximately ellipsoidal with equatorial dimensions within 15% of 253 × 228 km. The radar view of Iris was restricted to high southern latitudes, precluding reliable estimation of Iris’ entire 3D shape, but permitting accurate reconstruction of southern hemisphere topography. The most prominent features, three roughly 50-km-diameter concavities almost equally spaced in longitude around the south pole, are probably impact craters. In terms of shape regularity and fractional relief, Iris represents a plausible transition between ∼50-km-diameter asteroids with extremely irregular overall shapes and very large concavities, and very much larger asteroids (Ceres and Vesta) with very regular, nearly convex shapes and generally lacking monumental concavities.  相似文献   

UVolution, a photochemistry experiment in low earth orbit: Investigation of the photostability of carbonates exposed to martian-like UV radiation conditions     

Fabien Stalport  Yuan Yong Guan  Patrice Coll  Frédérique Macari  Didier Chaput  Hervé Cottin 《Planetary and Space Science》2010,58(12):1617-1624

The detection and identification of carbonates on Mars are of prime importance to establish the evolution of its atmosphere, correlated to the history of the liquid water, or even to determine the existence of a possible ancient biological activity. Till date, no large deposits of carbonates have been found. In fact, their detection is specific to local areas and in very low amounts. The absence of such deposits is commonly attributed to the harsh environmental conditions at the surface of Mars. Additionally, the presence of UV radiation has been proposed to explain their photodecomposition and hence their absence. However, contradictory results from laboratory experiments mimicking Mars’ surface UV radiation did not resolve the behaviour of carbonates in such an environment, which is why we exposed, in low Earth orbit and in laboratory experiments, both abiotic and biotic calcium carbonates to UV radiation of wavelength above 200 nm, the same spectral distribution as the one reaching the surface of Mars. For low Earth orbit (LEO) exposure, this was done for the UVolution experiment on board the BIOPAN ESA module, which was set outside a Russian Foton automated capsule, and exposed to space conditions for 12 days in September 2007. The targeted carbonates are biominerals and abiotic samples. Our laboratory results mainly show that the exposed carbonates appear to be stable to UV radiation if directly exposed to it. The LEO experiment results tend to the same conclusion, but the integrated exposition time to Solar UV during the experiment is not sufficient to be conclusive. However, the stability of the biominerals derived from the laboratory experiment could strengthen the interest to explore deeper their potential as life records at Mars. Hence, they should be considered as primary targets for in situ analyses during future missions.  相似文献