Crude-oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction in the northern Songliao Basin     

ZHANG JuHe  FENG ZiHui  FANG Wei  HUO QiuLi  ZHANG Kun  LI JingKun  ZENG HuaSen  ZHANG BoWei 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(2):297-312

Crude oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction are important bases in petroleum exploration.A total of 54 oil/heavy-oil samples and 17 oil sands were analyzed and quantified using both comprehensive 2D gas chromatography(GC×GC)and comprehensive 2D gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC×GC/TOFMS).The results show that crude oil in the West slope is mainly heavy oil and its hydrocarbon composition is characterized overall by paraffinsmono-aromaticsnaphthenesnon-hydrocarbonsdi-aromaticstri-aromaticstetra-aromatics.Aromatics are most abundant and non-hydrocarbons are least abundant,whilst content differences among paraffins,naphthenes,aromatics,and non-hydrocarbons are less than 15%.There are two types of heavy oil,secondary type and mixing type.Biodegradation is the main formation mechanism of heavy oil.Biodegradation levels cover light biodegradation,moderate biodegradation,and severe biodegradation.With increasing biodegradation,paraffin content decreases while contents of aromatics and nonhydrocarbons increase.In contrast,naphthene content increases first and then decreases with increasing biodegradation.In severe biodegradation stage,naphthenes decrease more quickly than aromatics and non-hydrocarbons.This provides a new method for studying oil/heavy-oil biodegradation mechanism and biodegradation resistance of different hydrocarbons at different biodegradation stages.In the Longhupao-Daan terrace and Qijia-Gulong depression,most crude oil is conventional oil.Its composition is dominated by paraffins with the lowest content of aromatics.In some casual oil wells from the Longhupao-Daan terrace,crude oil from Saertu oil reservoirs is moderately biodegraded whereas crude oil from Putaohua oil reservoir is lightly biodegraded.Chemical parameters using saturate hydrocarbons and aromatics are usually not suitable for determining organic type and thermal maturity of biodegraded oil,especially of moderately or severely biodegraded oil,whilst Ts/(Ts+Tm)ratio can be used to determine thermal maturity of both conventional crude oil and heavy oil.  相似文献   

Relative pollen productivities of typical steppe species in northern China and their potential in past vegetation reconstruction     

XU QingHai  CAO XianYong  TIAN Fang  ZHANG ShengRui  LI YueCong  LI ManYue  LI Jie  LIU YaoLiang  LIANG Jian 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(6):1254-1266

The Relative Pollen Productivities(RPPs)of common steppe species are estimated using Extended R-value(ERV)model based on pollen analysis and vegetation survey of 30 surface soil samples from typical steppe area of northern China.Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Poaceae,Cyperaceae,and Asteraceae are the dominant pollen types in pollen assemblages,reflecting the typical steppe communities well.The five dominant pollen types and six common types(Thalictrum,Iridaceae,Potentilla,Ephedra,Brassicaceae,and Ulmus)have strong wind transport abilities;the estimated Relevant Source Area of Pollen(RSAP)is ca.1000 m when the sediment basin radius is set at 0.5 m.Ulmus,Artemisia,Brassicaceae,Chenopodiaceae,and Thalictrum have relative high RPPs;Poaceae,Cyperaceae,Potentilla,and Ephedra pollen have moderate RPPs;Asteraceae and Iridaceae have low RPPs.The reliability test of RPPs revealed that most of the RPPs are reliable in past vegetation reconstruction.However,the RPPs of Asteraceae and Iridaceae are obviously underestimated,and those of Poaceae,Chenopodiaceae,and Ephedra are either slightly underestimated or slightly overestimated,suggesting that those RPPs should be considered with caution.These RPPs were applied to estimating plant abundances for two fossil pollen spectra(from the Lake Bayanchagan and Lake Haoluku)covering the Holocene in typical steppe area,using the"Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites"(REVEALS)model.The RPPs-based vegetation reconstruction revealed that meadow-steppe dominated by Poaceae,Cyperaceae,and Artemisia plants flourished in this area before 6500–5600 cal yr BP,and then was replaced by present typical steppe.  相似文献   

Epicenter and magnitude of large earthquake determined from high-rate GPS observations: A case study of the 2008 M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake     

FANG RongXin  SHI Chuang  WANG GuangXing  LIU JingNan 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(7):1645-1652

For earthquake and tsunami early warning and emergency response,the earthquake epicenter and magnitude should be determined rapidly and correctly.Using high-rate GPS observations,we can readily obtain precise and high resolution displacement time series and the seismic waveforms during the earthquake.In this paper,a new algorithm is proposed for estimating the earthquake epicenter and magnitude with the seismic waveforms derived from high-rate GPS data during the earthquake.A case study of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is conducted from 1 Hz GPS data and the epicenter and magnitude are determined.Compared with the results issued by the China Seismological Bureau,the estimation error of the epicenter and the magnitude is about 12 km and 0.1 magnitude unit,respectively.It has shown that high-rate GPS could be a new tool feasible for estimating the earthquake epicenter and magnitude,independent of or combined with seismometers.  相似文献   

Extraction of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil by Two Amaranthus spp.          下载免费PDF全文

Chun‐Han Ko  Fang‐Chih Chang  Chin‐Yi Chung 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(5):635-640

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Adsorption Behavior of DOM by PACs with Different Particle Sizes          下载免费PDF全文

Baoyou Shi  Liping Fang  Zhengjian Li  Dongsheng Wang 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(10):1363-1369

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上横山多层页岩矿床低强度相似材料试验模型研究     

叶义成  施耀斌  王其虎  姚囝  鲁方  岳哲 《岩土力学》2014,35(Z2):114-120

通过相似配比试验,研制不同砂胶比的低强度相似材料,分析了砂胶比和胶结材料中水泥含量对其物理和力学性质的影响及其变化规律。根据上横山多层页岩矿床赋存条件和相似模拟试验要求,确定了3个可行的、有效的相似材料配比,结合相似模拟条件构筑了多层页岩矿床相似材料模型。试验结果表明,相同砂胶比的低强度相似材料的密度、抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比均随胶结材料中水泥含量的增加而增大;密度、孔隙率、弹性模量和泊松比在低砂胶比条件下具有更小的波动性。进一步研究发现,选择的低强度页岩相似材料实际相似常数与设计相似常数误差≤1.77%;利用数值模拟回采矿床矿柱的变形特征与相似模拟试验基本相似,应变变化幅度≤8.76%,试验模型在多层页岩矿床模型试验研究上具有一定的合理性。研究结果为有效的进行多层页岩矿床地下开采研究提供科学依据和试验基础。  相似文献   

杭州湾庵东浅滩现代沉积物中的生物遗迹          下载免费PDF全文

宋慧波  于会新  王海邻  范代读  胡斌  王芳 《古地理学报》2014,16(5):703-714

杭州湾庵东浅滩沉积物中发现有多种造迹生物,主要有蝼蛄、泥甲虫、宁波泥蟹、珠带拟蟹守螺、泥螺、弹涂鱼、蚂蚁和鸟类等,营造的生物遗迹主要为觅食迹、居住迹和爬行迹(爬迹、拖迹和鸟足迹)等。分析表明,浅滩不同亚环境的造迹生物及其遗迹的主要类型和分布特征具有明显的差异性: (1)在潮上带植被茂密的草滩环境中,以层面上的生物觅食迹、居住迹和鸟足迹为主,造迹生物主要有蝼蛄、泥甲虫、蚂蚁和鸟类等,其中以蝼蛄的潜穴最为丰富。(2)在高潮滩的积水泥沼环境中,有大量近海喜盐植物,生物遗迹主要有宁波泥蟹的“J”形、“W”形和“Y”形潜穴、弹涂鱼的羽状爬迹、珠带拟蟹守螺在层面上营造的弧形、圆圈状的觅食迹和“C”形的条带状生殖迹。(3)在中、低潮间带的粉砂质环境中,以层面上珠带拟蟹守螺不规则的觅食迹为主。生物遗迹的分布与浅滩沉积底质沉积物粒度与含水量等特征密切相关。本研究不仅丰富了杭州湾浅滩沉积的新遗迹学研究,而且对古代潮汐沉积及其环境研究有重要的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘地表风沙流结构特征   总被引：13，自引：4，他引：9  

刘芳  郝玉光  辛智鸣  陈海玲  徐军  赵英铭 《中国沙漠》2014,34(5):1200-1207

在国家林业局磴口荒漠生态站长期监测的基础上,利用多种积沙仪,对乌兰布和沙漠东北缘流动沙丘、油蒿半固定沙丘、白刺半固定沙丘、油蒿固定沙丘、白刺固定沙丘5种典型下垫面近地面（0～100 cm）的风沙流输沙量进行了实地观测和对比分析。结果表明：（1） 输沙率（q）随高度（h）增加呈幂函数（q=ah^-b,R²≥0.8409）规律衰减,随风速（v）增大呈幂函数（q=av^b,R²≥0.9256）规律增加,42.8%～70.7%的输沙量分布在10 cm高度内,67.6%～90.0%的输沙量分布于30 cm高度内。当地表植被盖度达到40%以上时,输沙率下降至无植被覆盖地表输沙率的6.6%以下,可有效阻止地表风蚀。（2） 沙物质主要由粒径为50～250 μm的细沙和极细沙构成,各高度层风蚀物粒度组成服从单峰态分布,峰值在100～250 μm。随高度增加,风蚀物粒径范围趋于变窄,粒径趋于更细。（3） 起沙风多出现在WSW和NW方向,占全年起沙风的53.19%。风沙流中跃移输沙、蠕移输沙的空间分布在理论上应与风向频率分布基本一致,差异性主要由各方位风的强度和持续时间等因素导致。研究结果可为该区域防沙工程设计提供理论参考。  相似文献   

荒漠-绿洲交错带土壤N、P、K含量的高光谱反演模型     

栾福明  熊黑钢  王芳  张芳 《中国沙漠》2014,34(5):1320-1328

利用新疆奇台县荒漠-绿洲交错带的75个土壤样本,选取土壤可见光-近红外光谱的反射率（R）、光谱反射率倒数之对数（lg（1/R））、光谱反射率一阶导数（FDR）和光谱波段深度（Depth）4个指标,分析了其与土壤N、P、K元素含量的关系,分别建立了反演模型并对其精度进行了检验。结果表明：可见光-近红外反射光谱快速估算荒漠-绿洲交错带土壤N、P、K元素含量的潜力大,其预测精度由高到低的排列顺序为：N>P>K。不同光谱指标反演模型的精度各异,指标Depth和FDR的预测效果明显优于lg（1/R）和R,对N和P元素的拟合效果为：lg（1/R）相似文献   

基于全球变化视角的滨海旅游资源可持续发展对策研究(英文)     

王芳  朱大奎 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2014,5(1):32-41

滨海旅游是最传统的、主要的旅游形式,也是现代旅游增长最快的领域,在国内外均具有举足轻重的地位。全球变化很可能是由人类活动引起,并且影响着旅游业的发展。旅游业通过使用交通运输系统尤其是航空旅行、旅游目的地住宿餐饮等活动排放大量温室气体,对全球变化做出贡献。可持续滨海旅游以可持续的资源开发和管理为基础,在全球变化视角下,要达到这一目标,需要在滨海旅游模式与产品类型转变、旅游资源利用方式转变、利益相关者协作等方面对滨海旅游资源进行优化开发和有效管理:以绿色思维指导低碳旅游模式,发展生态旅游和替代性旅游等新型产品;提倡降碳减排、发展碳补偿和碳经济、制定碳排放标准、鼓励新型节油节能科技应用;鼓励社区参与,平衡利益相关者的收益和兴趣,尤其是探察当地社区居民、旅游者和政府工作人员对全球变化的看法、态度、责任感和共识。这些措施将在规划—管理—监督—评估动态模型中得到优化。由于相关研究的可用数据有限,本文所引用数据部分来自于对旅游整体的研究结果,是为不足之处。  相似文献