Prediction of heavy metal solubility in agricultural topsoils around two smelters by the physico-chemical parameters of the soils   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Matthieu?Fran?oisEmail author  Henri-Charles?Dubourguier  Dongyan?Li  Francis?Douay 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2004,66(1):78-85

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Expériences de drainage et estimation de paramètres en milieu poreux non saturé     

Hussein Beydoun  François Lehmann 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(3):180-187

Two drainage experiments were carried out to identify the hydraulic parameters of a quartz sand by using inverse modelling. Our results, based on sensitivity and error analyses, show that (i) water content measurements are essential to estimate the parameters of the van Genuchten–Mualem retention curve, (ii) the saturated conductivity ($K_{\mathrm{s}}$) has a low sensitivity to pressure data and is not sensitive to other measures (water content and measured outflow), (iii) the inverse approach can be verified by comparing the simulated outflow to the measured one. To cite this article: H. Beydoun, F. Lehmann, C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).  相似文献   

Coupling statistical and dynamical methods for spatial downscaling of precipitation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jie Chen  Fran?ois P. Brissette  Robert Leconte 《Climatic change》2012,114(3-4):509-526

The resolution of General Circulation Models (GCMs) is too coarse for climate change impact studies at the catchment or site-specific scales. To overcome this problem, both dynamical and statistical downscaling methods have been developed. Each downscaling method has its advantages and drawbacks, which have been described in great detail in the literature. This paper evaluates the improvement in statistical downscaling (SD) predictive power when using predictors from a Regional Climate Model (RCM) over a GCM for downscaling site-specific precipitation. Our approach uses mixed downscaling, combining both dynamic and statistical methods. Precipitation, a critical element of hydrology studies that is also much more difficult to downscale than temperature, is the only variable evaluated in this study. The SD method selected here uses a stepwise linear regression approach for precipitation quantity and occurrence (similar to the well-known Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) and called SDSM-like herein). In addition, a discriminant analysis (DA) was tested to generate precipitation occurrence, and a weather typing approach was used to derive statistical relationships based on weather types, and not only on a seasonal basis as is usually done. The existing data record was separated into a calibration and validation periods. To compare the relative efficiency of the SD approaches, relationships were derived at the same sites using the same predictors at a 300km scale (the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis) and at a 45km scale with data from the limited-area Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) driven by NCEP data at its boundaries. Predictably, using CRCM variables as predictors rather than NCEP data resulted in a much-improved explained variance for precipitation, although it was always less than 50?% overall. For precipitation occurrence, the SDSM-like model slightly overestimated the frequencies of wet and dry periods, while these were well-replicated by the DA-based model. Both the SDSM-like and DA-based models reproduced the percentage of wet days, but the wet and dry statuses for each day were poorly downscaled by both approaches. Overall, precipitation occurrence downscaled by the DA-based model was much better than that predicted by the SDSM-like model. Despite the added complexity, the weather typing approach was not better at downscaling precipitation than approaches without classification. Overall, despite significant improvements in precipitation occurrence prediction by the DA scheme, and even going to finer scales predictors, the SD approach tested here still explained less than 50?% of the total precipitation variance. While going to even smaller scale predictors (10–15?km) might improve results even more, such smaller scales would basically transform the direct outputs of climate models into impact models, thus negating the need for statistical downscaling approaches.  相似文献   

Heat balance and eddies in the Peru-Chile current system   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

François Colas  James C. McWilliams  Xavier Capet  Jaison Kurian 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(1-2):509-529

The Peru-Chile current System (PCS) is a region of persistent biases in global climate models. It has strong coastal upwelling, alongshore boundary currents, and mesoscale eddies. These oceanic phenomena provide essential heat transport to maintain a cool oceanic surface underneath the prevalent atmospheric stratus cloud deck, through a combination of mean circulation and eddy flux. We demonstrate these behaviors in a regional, quasi-equilibrium oceanic model that adequately resolves the mesoscale eddies with climatological forcing. The key result is that the atmospheric heating is large (>50 W m^?2) over a substantial strip >500 km wide off the coast of Peru, and the balancing lateral oceanic flux is much larger than provided by the offshore Ekman flux alone. The atmospheric heating is weaker and the coastally influenced strip is narrower off Chile, but again the Ekman flux is not sufficient for heat balance. The eddy contribution to the oceanic flux is substantial. Analysis of eddy properties shows strong surface temperature fronts and associated large vorticity, especially off Peru. Cyclonic eddies moderately dominate the surface layer, and anticyclonic eddies, originating from the nearshore poleward Peru-Chile Undercurrent (PCUC), dominate the subsurface, especially off Chile. The sensitivity of the PCS heat balance to equatorial intra-seasonal oscillations is found to be small. We demonstrate that forcing the regional model with a representative, coarse-resolution global reanalysis wind product has dramatic and deleterious consequences for the oceanic circulation and climate heat balance, the eddy heat flux in particular.  相似文献   

Chromium speciation in oxide-type compounds: application to minerals,gems, aqueous solutions and silicate glasses     

François Farges 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(8):463-481

Cr K-edge XANES spectra were obtained for a variety of Cr-bearing model compounds containing Cr(II), Cr(III), Cr(IV), Cr(V) and Cr(VI), in which the Cr-site symmetry is D4h, Oh and Td. The centroid position of the pre-edge feature is a better indicator of the Cr valence than the edge position. In Cr-rich oxides, higher-energy transitions must be excluded in order to refine a robust valence for Cr. The pre-edge for chromates is not unique and varies as a function of the CrO₄ ^2? moiety distortion, which is often related to Cr-polymerization (monochromate vs. dichromate). Both the analogy with the Mn K-pre-edge information and ab initio FEFF calculations of the pre-edge feature for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) confirm the experimental trends. This methodology is applied to the Cr K-edge pre-edge feature collected in gems (emerald, spinel and ruby), the layered minerals fuchsite and kämmererite, two Cr-bearing aqueous solutions and a set of sodo-calcic silicate glasses used for bottling sparkling white wine. In emerald and fuchsite, the Cr-site is differently distorted than its ruby or spinel counterpart. In a Cr(III)-bearing aqueous solution and sodo-calcic glass, no evidence for Cr(III) with Td and C3v symmetry is detected. However, minor amounts of chromate moieties (most likely monomeric) are detected in a glass synthesized in air. Preliminary spectra for the wine bottle glass suggest that only trace amounts of chromates might possibly be present in these glasses.  相似文献   

Insects as zoogeomorphic agents: an extended review     

François Bétard 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(1):89-109

Insects are the largest and most diverse group of living organisms on Earth, playing a critical but underestimated role as agents of geomorphic change. Burrowing insects create micro-scale landforms such as subterranean tunnels and surface mounds and, by this way, exert an influence on hydrology, soil erosion and sediment transfer at a wider landscape scale. However, social insects represented by ants and termites were the main taxa studied as geomorphic agents and ecosystem engineers. This article proposes an extended and critical literature review of insects as zoogeomorphic agents, with reference to various taxonomic orders and families of insects having a burrowing behaviour. It provides a large overview of their primary and secondary impacts on Earth surface systems, both supported by naturalistic evidence and available quantitative data. Some evolutionary insights are discussed based on fossil evidence of geomorphic work by insects and, at finer temporal scale, on recent advances in radiometric and luminescence dating of insect mounds. Finally, this article explores the fruitful links between geomorphology and entomology, and suggests several research perspectives in order to develop an integrated understanding of the importance of insects in Earth surface processes and landforms. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Molecular study of insoluble organic matter in Kainsaz CO3 carbonaceous chondrite: Comparison with CI and CM IOM     

Laurent REMUSAT  Corentin Le GUILLOU  Jean‐Noël ROUZAUD  Laurent BINET  Sylvie DERENNE  François ROBERT 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2008,43(7):1099-1111

Abstract— Kainsaz CO3 insoluble organic matter (IOM) was studied using Curie point pyrolysis, electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to determine the effect of thermal metamorphism on molecular chondritic fingerprints. Pyrolysis released a very low amount of products that consist of one‐ and two‐ring aromatic units with methyl, dimethyl, and ethyl substituents. Moreover, Kainsaz IOM contains two orders of magnitude fewer radicals than Orgueil, Murchison, and Tagish Lake IOM. In addition, no diradicaloids were found in Kainsaz, although they are thought to constitute a specific signature for weakly organized extraterrestrial organic compounds in contrast to terrestrial ones. HRTEM reveals a very heterogeneous structure, with microporous disordered carbon, mesoporous graphitic carbons and graphite. Graphitization likely occurs and explains the differences between Kainsaz and CI or CM IOM. Heating stress experienced by Kainsaz IOM, on the parent body and/or prior its accretion, is likely responsible for the differences in molecular and structural organizations compared with those of CI and CM IOM.  相似文献   

From micro scale to boundary value problem: using a micromechanically based model     

Xiong  Hao  Nicot  François  Yin  Zhenyu 《Acta Geotechnica》2019,14(5):1307-1323

Acta Geotechnica - A 3D multi-scale approach is presented to investigate the mechanical behavior of a macroscopic specimen consisting of a granular assembly, as a boundary value problem. The core...  相似文献   

Integrating hydropower and intermittent climate‐related renewable energies: a call for hydrology          下载免费PDF全文

B. François  M. Borga  S. Anquetin  J. D. Creutin  K. Engeland  A. C. Favre  B. Hingray  M. H. Ramos  D. Raynaud  B. Renard  E. Sauquet  J. F. Sauterleute  J. P. Vidal  G. Warland 《水文研究》2014,28(21):5465-5468

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Cooling history of nested plutons from the Variscan Tichka plutonic complex (Morocco)     

Lécuyer  Christophe  Gasquet  Dominique  Allemand  Pascal  Martineau  François  Martinez  Isabelle 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2017,106(8):2855-2872

International Journal of Earth Sciences - Four imbricated mafic to felsic plutons of Variscan age from Morocco have been investigated for their cooling history and geochemical interactions with...  相似文献