P‐wave transmission across fractures with nonlinear deformational behaviour     

X. B. Zhao  J. Zhao  J. G. Cai 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2006,30(11):1097-1112

Stress wave attenuation across fractured rock masses is a great concern of underground structure safety. When the wave amplitude is large, fractures experience nonlinear deformation during the wave propagation. This paper presents a study on normal transmission of P‐wave across parallel fractures with nonlinear deformational behaviour (static Barton–Bandis model). The results show that the magnitude of transmission coefficient is a function of incident wave amplitude, nondimensional fracture spacing and number of fractures. Two important indices of nondimensional fracture spacing are identified, and they divide the area of nondimensional fracture spacing into three parts (individual fracture area, transition area and small spacing area). In the different areas, the magnitude of transmission coefficient has different trends with nondimensional fracture spacing and number of fractures. In addition, the study reveals that under some circumstances, the magnitude of transmission coefficient increases with increasing number of fractures, and is larger than 1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nature of the Martian uplands: Effect on Martian meteorite age distribution and secondary cratering     

William K. Hartmann  Nadine G. Barlow 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2006,41(10):1453-1467

Abstract— Martian meteorites (MMs) have been launched from an estimated 5–9 sites on Mars within the last 20 Myr. Some 80–89% of these launch sites sampled igneous rock formations from only the last 29% of Martian time. We hypothesize that this imbalance arises not merely from poor statistics, but because the launch processes are dominated by two main phenomena: first, much of the older Martian surface is inefficient in launching rocks during impacts, and second, the volumetrically enormous reservoir of original cumulate crust enhances launch probability for 4.5 Gyr old rocks. There are four lines of evidence for the first point, not all of equal strength. First, impact theory implies that MM launch is favored by surface exposures of near‐surface coherent rock (≤10² m deep), whereas Noachian surfaces generally should have ≥10² m of loose or weakly cemented regolith with high ice content, reducing efficiency of rock launch. Second, similarly, both Mars Exploration Rovers found sedimentary strata, 1–2 orders of magnitude weaker than Martian igneous rocks, favoring low launch efficiency among some fluvial‐derived Hesperian and Noachian rocks. Even if launched, such rocks may be unrecognized as meteorites on Earth. Third, statistics of MM formation age versus cosmic‐ray exposure (CRE) age weakly suggest that older surfaces may need larger, deeper craters to launch rocks. Fourth, in direct confirmation, one of us (N. G. B.) has found that older surfaces need larger craters to produce secondary impact crater fields (cf. Barlow and Block 2004). In a survey of 200 craters, the smallest Noachian, Hesperian, and Amazonian craters with prominent fields of secondaries have diameters of ?45 km, ?19 km, and ?10 km, respectively. Because 40% of Mars is Noachian, and 74% is either Noachian or Hesperian, the subsurface geologic characteristics of the older areas probably affect statistics of recognized MMs and production rates of secondary crater populations, and the MM and secondary crater statistics may give us clues to those properties.  相似文献   

AGGLOMERATION AND RADIATION EFFECT OF THE PULL OF URBANIZATION   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

QIJin-li 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2003,13(3):224-227

In order to explore the train of thought for China‘s urbanizing development and coordinated rural eco-nomic development, and to find good ways of solving rural problems through urbanization, this paper absorbs the push-and-pull forces theory and the systematic dynamic theory in the traditional population migration theories, views urbanization as a dynamic system, makes research on the push-and-pull mechanism of urbanization. The pulling power of urbanization is analyzed according to two aspects, the agglomeration effect and the radiation effect of cities. The agglomeration effect provides continuous propelling force for urbanization, and the radiation effect further accelerates the urbanization process by pushing forward the development of rural economy. Of course, the slow de-velopment of urbanization can result in the hindrance to rural economic development.  相似文献   

BRINGING FORWARD OF THE CONCEPT OF COGIS AND ITS ARCHITECUTRE RESEARCH     

HUXue-lian CHENGCheng-qi WUDe-wen MAAi-nai 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2003,13(1):84-90

Based on the analysis of the development of GIS technology and application,this paper brought forward the concept of GoGIS,namely Cooperative GIS ,CoGIS is GIS facing group-users and supporting human-human interaction,which makes it differ from the former GISs,Then,the characteristics of general Computer Spport Cooperative Work (CSCW)applications and the complexity of Geographic Information Science were analyzed,and the conclusion the CoGIS was not a simple GIS layer on CSCW was reached,Further,this paper gaver the hierarchical architecture of CoGIS,and analyzed the coperative platform in detail from the following:1)basic elements;2) collaboration patterns;3) cooperation control mechanism;4) synchronization mechanism;5) security and 6) group communication and so on.With those,the problems about GIS applications are discussed,such as 1)distributed multi-source GIS information and knowledge sharing platform;2)the fusion and visualization of GIS information;3)virtual reality cooperative modeling;4) dymamic simulation;5)expert system and 6) decision-making.Finally,this paper analyzed CoGIS application mode in brief.  相似文献   

Surface brightness profiles and structural parameters for 53 rich stellar clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud     

A. D. Mackey  G. F. Gilmore 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,338(1):85-119

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LU Vel (GJ 375): A M3.5Ve Flare and Double-Lined Spectroscopic Binary     

D. Montes  M. C. Gálvez  M. J. Fernández-Figueroa  I. Crespo-Chacón 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2006,304(1-4):367-369

High resolution echelle spectroscopic observations taken with the FEROS spectrograph at the 2.2 m telescope ESO confirm the binary nature of the flare M3.5V star LU Vel (GJ 375, RE J0958-462) previously reported by Christian and Mathioudakis (2002). Emission of similar intensity from both components is detected in the Balmer, Na i D₁&D₂, He i D₃, Ca ii H&K, and Ca ii IRT lines. We have determined precise radial velocities by cross correlation with radial velocity standard stars, which have allowed us to obtain for the first time the orbital solution of the system. The binary consists of two near-equal M3.5V components with an orbital period shorter than 2 days. We have analyzed the behaviour of the chromospheric activity indicators (variability and possible flares). In addition, we have determined its rotational velocity and kinematics.  相似文献   

Morphological redshift estimates for galaxy clusters in a Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect survey     

J. M. Diego  J. Mohr  J. Silk  G. Bryan 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,341(2):599-608

We develop a new method to estimate the redshift of galaxy clusters through resolved images of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect (SZE). Our method is based on morphological observables which can be measured by actual and future SZE experiments. We test the method with a set of high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters at different redshifts. Our method combines the observables in a principal component analysis. After calibrating the method with an independent redshift estimation for some of the clusters, we show – using a Bayesian approach – how the method can give an estimate of the redshift of the galaxy clusters. Although the error bars given by the morphological redshift estimation are large, it should be useful for future SZE surveys where thousands of clusters are expected to be detected; a first preselection of the high-redshift candidates could be done using our proposed morphological redshift estimator. Although not considered in this work, our method should also be useful to give an estimate of the redshift of clusters in X-ray and optical surveys.  相似文献   

A charge-coupled device study of high-latitude Galactic structure: testing the model parameters     

S. Karaali  S. G. Ak  S. Bilir  Y. Karata&#;  G. Gilmore † 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,343(3):1013-1024

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A mechanism of formation of globular clusters in the corona of a giant elliptical galaxy     

V. G. Gorbatskii 《Astrophysics》1990,32(2):149-154

Leningrad State University. Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 267–275, March–April, 1990.  相似文献   

Formation and cooling of the giant HXIS arches of November 6–7, 1980     

R. A. Kopp  G. Poletto 《Solar physics》1990,127(2):267-280

Giant arches, first detected by the HXIS instrument aboard SMM, are still a poorly understood component of the flare scenario. Their origin remains uncertain and their behavior, quite different in separate events, has not yet been satisfactorily explained. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the giant arches imaged on November 6–7, 1980, which, in contrast to that observed on May 21, 1980, were not stationary and had shorter cooling times. In particular, we use a procedure, already applied to the May 21 case, to compute the three-dimensional topology of the magnetic field which forms by reconnection over the active region containing the November arches. This technique allows us to verify that the observed structures are aligned with the computed field lines, lending support to the hypothesis that they originate through a reconnection process which occurs at progressively larger altitudes. Moreover, a calculation of the magnetic energy liberated by reconnection shows that enough energy may be thereby released to account for the observed thermal energy enhancement of the HXIS arches. Finally, the lifetime of the features is shown to be consistent with that predicted by cooling via radiation and field-aligned conduction to the underlying chromosphere.  相似文献