Application of Line Boundary Technique to 2D Tidal Current Simulation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

SONG Zhiyao XUE Hongchao YAN Yixin Doctor  Senior Engineer  College of Harbor Waterway  Coastal Engineering  Hohai University 《中国海洋工程》1999,(4)

To deal with the problems concerning the shore boundary,moving boundary and engineeringboundary which are encountered frequently in 2D tidal current simulation by the finite difference method,theconcept of line boundary is introduced and studied here,and then the line boundary technique in common useis proposed in this paper.Analysis of some calculation cases shows that this technique is practical,effective,and simple in 2D tidal current simulation involving different boundaries.  相似文献   

Removal of water‐surface reflection effects with a temporal minimum filter for UAV‐based shallow‐water photogrammetry          下载免费PDF全文

I GD Yudha Partama  Ariyo Kanno  Motoyasu Ueda  Yoshihisa Akamatsu  Ryutei Inui  Masahiko Sekine  Koichi Yamamoto  Tsuyoshi Imai  Takaya Higuchi 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(12):2673-2682

The recent development of structure‐from‐motion (SfM) and multi‐view stereo (MVS) photogrammetry techniques has enabled semi‐automatic high‐resolution bathymetry using aerial images taken by consumer‐grade digital cameras mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, the applicability of these techniques is sometimes limited by sun and sky reflections at the water surface, which render the point‐cloud density and accuracy insufficient. In this research, we present a new imaging technique to suppress the effect of these water‐surface reflections. In this technique, we order a drone to take a short video instead of a still picture at each waypoint. We then apply a temporal minimum filter to the video. This filter extracts the smallest RGB values in all the video frames for each pixel, and composes an image with greatly reduced reflection effects. To assess the performance of this technique, we applied it at three small shallow‐water sites. Specifically, we evaluated the effect of the technique on the point cloud density and the accuracy and precision of the photogrammetry. The results showed that the proposed technique achieved a far denser point cloud than the case in which a randomly chosen frame was used for each waypoint, and also showed better overall accuracy and precision in estimating water‐bottom elevation. The effectiveness of this new technique should depend on the surface wave state and sky radiance distribution, and this dependence, as well as the applicability to large areas, should be investigated in future research. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Storylines: an alternative approach to representing uncertainty in physical aspects of climate change     

Theodore G. Shepherd  Emily Boyd  Raphael A. Calel  Sandra C. Chapman  Suraje Dessai  Ioana M. Dima-West  Hayley J. Fowler  Rachel James  Douglas Maraun  Olivia Martius  Catherine A. Senior  Adam H. Sobel  David A. Stainforth  Simon F. B. Tett  Kevin E. Trenberth  Bart J. J. M. van den Hurk  Nicholas W. Watkins  Dimitri A. Zenghelis 《Climatic change》2018,147(3-4):555-569

Investigating the relationships between climate extremes and crop yield can help us understand how unfavourable climatic conditions affect crop production. In this study, two statistical models, multiple linear regression and random forest, were used to identify rainfall extremes indices affecting wheat yield in three different regions of the New South Wales wheat belt. The results show that the random forest model explained 41–67% of the year-to-year yield variation, whereas the multiple linear regression model explained 34–58%. In the two models, 3-month timescale standardized precipitation index of Jun.–Aug. (SPI_JJA), Sep.–Nov. (SPI_SON), and consecutive dry days (CDDs) were identified as the three most important indices which can explain yield variability for most of the wheat belt. Our results indicated that the inter-annual variability of rainfall in winter and spring was largely responsible for wheat yield variation, and pre-growing season rainfall played a secondary role. Frequent shortages of rainfall posed a greater threat to crop growth than excessive rainfall in eastern Australia. We concluded that the comparison between multiple linear regression and machine learning algorithm proposed in the present study would be useful to provide robust prediction of yields and new insights of the effects of various rainfall extremes, when suitable climate and yield datasets are available.  相似文献   

The response of the climate system to the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol     

K. D. Williams  A. Jones  D. L. Roberts  C. A. Senior  M. J. Woodage 《Climate Dynamics》2001,17(11):845-856

 The indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols on the albedo and lifetime of clouds may produce a significant impact on the climate system. A `state of the art' general circulation model (GCM) which includes an interactive sulfur cycle and a physically based cloud microphysics scheme is coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model in order to study the impact of the indirect effects on the coupled climate system. The linearity of the two indirect effects on the model response is also investigated by including each effect separately in the model. The response of the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice is found to provide an important feedback on the cooling at high latitudes and the change in meridional SST gradient results in a southward shift of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). The sensitivity of the model to the forcing from the indirect effects of sulfate aerosol is found to be similar to, but slightly weaker than that obtained from a doubling of CO₂. Received: 30 August 2000 / Accepted: 3 January 2001  相似文献   

ABRASION OF THE BOTTOM OUTLETS AND ITS REPAIR IN SANMENXIA PROJECT     

WEI Yonghui Senior engineer  The Three Gorges Project Development Incorporated 《国际泥沙研究》1991,(2)

The Sanmenxia Project completed in 1960 is a multi-purpose hydro project with emphasis on flood control. After the expounding, serious deposition occurs in the upstream part of the reservoir and the Weihe River. The project has to be rebuilt twice in the period from 1964 to 1978. Thus the discharge capacity is greatly enlarged by excavating two side tunnels on the left bank, converting three penstocks into sluice conduits and reopening & bottom outlets formerly used for di- version. By changing the operational mode from storing water year round to stor- ing clear water during the dry season and sluicing sediment during the flood season, the sediment problem of the reservoir is largely solved and multi-purpose benefits of the project are partially retained. But the heavy sediment load still caused serious abrasion on bottom outlets and turbines, particularly on the inlet gate slot, the service gate slot and the floor. Much effort has been made to clarify the mechanism of the damage and to choose abrasion-resistant material for repair. The repair of the bottom outlets has been going on since 1980. This paper describes the abrasion on the bottom outlets in details and the subsequent repair effected.  相似文献   

A condensation nuclei counter with photographic recording     

Senior Professor Dr. L. W. Pollak 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1952,22(1-2):75-83

Summary A condensation nuclei counter based onAitken's principle is described and depicted. It permits simultaneous observations of the graticule by two persons or the observation of the graticule by one person and the synchroeous photographic recording of the droplets on 35 mm film strip or single plates. With one exposure, the droplets on 24 squares of the millimetre graticule can be recorded so that a repetition of the necessary operations required by other counters in order to obtain an average count becomes superfluous and the time taken for one experiment is reduced to three quarters of a minute. The limitation to five droplets per square mm recommended for all hitherto existing nuclei counters with eye observations is removed when the droplets and the graticule are photographed. By the use of a special sealing arrangement and by employment of vacuum taps which proved most satisfactory with the previous construction of a photo-electric nuclei counter, leakages are practically impossible. The glass windows of the receiver are interchangeable with plates of conducting glass which can be heated by the passage of an electric current. The construction ensures that the 1 cm distance above the graticule is always maintained, independent of the tightening of the sealing arrangement. The receiver is equipped with a stirrer operated from outside by a permanent magnet. Two easily detached pumps are provided; one for purifying the air in the receiver and for the dilatation, the other for sucking the sample of impure air into the receiver. The adiabatic cooling in the receiver can be produced e. g. by means of an expansion pump. The method of measuring is discussed. Examples of records are reproduced. Applications and the development of a fully automatic recording nuclei counter are indicated.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Kernzähler, derAitkens Prinzip benützt, wird beschrieben und abgebildet. Er gestattet die gleichzeitige Beobachtung des Zählglases durch zwei Personen oder die Beobachtung des Zählglases durch eine Person und die gleichzeitige photographische Registrierung der Tröpfchen auf Kino-Normalfilm (von 35 mm) oder Platten. Miteiner Aufnahme können die Tröpfchen auf 24 Quadraten des in Quadratmillimeter geteilten Zählglases festgehalten werden, so dass eine Wiederholung der erforderlichen Operationen, welche bei allen anderen Kernzählern vorgeschrieben sind, um Mittelwerte der Einselzählungen zu erhalten, überflüssig ist und die Dauereines vollständigen Experimentes auf dreiviertel Minuten reduziert wird. Die Beschränkung auf fünf Tröpfchen per Quadratmillimeter, welche für die meisten bisherigen Kernzähler bei Augenbeobachtungen empfohlen wird, wird aufgehoben, wenn die Tröpfchen und das Zählglas photographiert werden. Durch eine spezielle Dichtungseinrichtung und durch Verwendung von Vakuum-Hähnen, welche sich bei der Konstruktion eines photo-elektrischen Kernzählers so sehr bewährt haben, ist Undichtwerden des Rezipienten praktisch unmöglich. Die Spiegelglasfenster des Rezipienten können gegen solche aus leitendem Glas ausgetauscht werden, welche mittels eines durch sie geschickten elektrischen Stromes geheizt werden können. Die Konstruktion gewährleistet, dass der Abstand (1 cm) oberhalb des Zählglases stets erhalten bleibt, unabhängig vom Drucke, der auf die Dichtung ausgeübt wird. Der Rezipient ist mit einem Rührer ausgestattet, der von aussen durch einen permanenten Magneten betätigt wird. Es sind zwei Pumpen vorgesehen, die leicht abnomontiert werden können; die eine ist für die Reinigung der Luft im Rezipienten und für die Dilatation zur Herbeiführung des Tropfenfalles bestimmt, die andere dient zum Einsaugen der zu untersuchenden Luftprobe in den Rezipienten. Die adiabatische Abkühlung im Rezipienten kann z.B. mittels der Dilatationspumpe erzeugt werden. Die Messmethode wird beschrieben. Probe von photographischen Registrierungen der Tröpfchen auf dem Zählglase werden reproduziert. Einige Anwendungen und die Entwicklung eines voll-automatisch registrierenden Kernzählers wird angedeutet.

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Manned Testing of the Diver Gas Recovery Installation     

Mao Fangguan  Lu Shunchang Luo Ruiren Senior Engineer  Naval Medical Research Institute  P. L. A. of China  Shanghai  Senior Engineer  Navigation Guarantee 《中国海洋工程》1995,(4)

The Diver Gas Recovery Installation (DGRI) was evaluated at 80 msw saturation - 100 msw excursion diving on HeO2 in the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) of China in April, 1995. The diving depth, lockout time, breathing gas flow rate and consumption, inspired oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) were monitored. The results indicated that PO2 was controlled to fluctuate from 64.3 to 84.0 kPa and PCO2 went up from 0.01 kPa up to O.I kPa during 4 hours excursion diving; recovery of breathing gas reached 95%; three divers felt well and breathed comfortably during simulating heavy work. The test showed that it met desired performance goals. The DGRI is a kind of important equipment for long duration deep dive. It enables the gases exhaled by the divers to be re-cycled, and therefore it has great social, military and economic significance for diving operation and submarine rescue.  相似文献   

Underwater Explosion Treatment of Marine Soft Foundation   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

Zheng Zhemin  Yang Zhengsheng Jin Liu Professor  Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Director of Mechanics Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing Professor  Mechanics Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing Senior Engineer  Lianyungang Harbor Construction Command Post  Lianyungang  Province of Jiangsu 《中国海洋工程》1991,(2)

The consolidation of soft foundation is a problem that commonly appears in harbor construction engineering on muddy coast. Introduced in this paper is the experimental study on underwater explosion treatment of soft foundation, including the regulations of explosion hollow development and medium movement, the law of similarity of densification and settlement of filled stone mass by shock wave pressure and explosion energy and their construction technologies, etc. A number of projects have been completed by applying this new technique, and the technique itself has been proved practicable.  相似文献   

Safety Level and Reliability Index for Bank Slope Stability     

Mai Yuanjian Senior Engineer  the th Harbour Engineering Bureau  The Ministry of Communications of P. R. China  Guangzhou 《中国海洋工程》1997,(2)

Based on statistics and analysis of the safety factor of unstable bank slopes,the relation be-tween safety level and reliability index of stability is studied and discussed,and then the elementary cali-brating calculation is carried out to the levels of safety and reliability for bank slope stability in the rangeof safety factors stipulated in existing China Technical Specifications for Port Engineering—FoundationPart(1987)and to those reached by some stable bank slopes already built.The results show that the relia-bility index β in the effective stress method is able to reach a high value of 2.4～4.1(mid-value 3.25),while the value of β in other three kinds of total stress method can just reach a lower value of 0.5～2.8(mid-value 1.65),which are in conformity with the engineering experience in China,and thus acceptable.Some suggestions are also given in this paper to the adoption of the value of β_0—objective reliability indexfor bank slope stability.  相似文献   

Water Wave Refraction and Diffraction over Frictional Topography     

Zuo Qihua  Yao Guoquan Ding Bingcan Senior Engineer  Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute  Nanjing Engineer  Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute  Nanjing 《中国海洋工程》1993,(1)

- This paper considers the effects of wave energy dissipation induced by sea-bottom friction on the computational results of water wave refraction and diffraction with the parabolic equation method. The presented results show that the friction factor formula adopted in this paper is of higher numerical accuracy than that introduced by Dalrymphe (1984), and it can be used to compute wave propagation over large open areas.  相似文献