Recovery of polluted ecosystems: the case for long-term studies   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Hawkins SJ  Gibbs PE  Pope ND  Burt GR  Chesman BS  Bray S  Proud SV  Spence SK  Southward AJ  Langston WJ 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):215-222

Recovery of marine ecosystems from pollution has tended to receive less attention than the study of new or continuing impacts, but such studies are important in charting recovery from acute incidents and following legislation to deal with chronic contamination. Recovery is inevitably a long-term process, and where such studies have been made they are often too short-lived. Interest quickly wanes following an acute incident and governmental bodies rapidly switch to new legislative priorities for chronic inputs. We review three case studies: recovery of dogwhelk populations after local extinction by tributyl tin leachates from anti-fouling paints; recovery of rocky shore communities from oil spills; and recovery of estuarine ecosystems from industrial and urban development. We then make some generalisations about recovery processes before making a plea for long-term studies of polluted areas.  相似文献   

Metallothionein in liver of eels Anguilla anguilla from the Thames Estuary: an indicator of environmental quality?     

Langston WJ  Chesman BS  Burt GR  Pope ND  McEvoy J 《Marine environmental research》2002,53(3):263-293

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the cysteine-rich protein metallothionein (MT) in the detoxification and metabolism of metals in livers of eels Anguilla anguilla from the Thames Estuary, and to assess the value of MT measurements in environmental monitoring. Hepatic MT levels and associated metal concentrations were determined in A. anguilla collected on three occasions during 1998 at sites along the tidal Thames (from freshwater to the sea) and also from a reference site (Tamar Estuary) in southwest England. MT was present at basal levels of 2 mg g(-1) dry weight (dw), predominantly in association with the essential metals Cu and Zn. MT concentrations were variable within each eel 'population' but were generally highest (up to 11 mg g(-1) in individual eels) at the more contaminated upper- and mid-estuarine sites in the Thames (e.g. Brentford and Kew). Lowest MT levels were those in eels from Blythe Sands at the mouth of the estuary. Season, sex, reproductive status and salinity may have influenced MT levels to some extent, although metals were the most significant factor. Hepatic MT concentrations were highly correlated with associated metal burdens (Zn, Cu, Ag and Cd),--notably reflecting Cu and Ag enrichment in the upper- and mid-estuary. With the exception of Zn, metals in the supernatant fraction of eel livers were primarily associated with MT. Proportions of Cu, Ag and Cd bound to MT increased as a function of accumulated metal burdens, with no indication of saturation. Thus, despite causing induction of MT, excess bioavailable Cu, Ag and Cd appear to be successfully detoxified in eels over the range of environmental contamination encountered along the Thames Estuary. Paradoxically, it may be argued from conventional doctrine that the presence of raised levels of MT, at upstream sites, constitutes a response to contamination and, by definition, signals that the fish are affected by metals; however, obvious signs of deleterious effects were not detected. Superficially, from liver MT data, it would seem that eel populations have become biochemically adapted to metal contamination. The approach tested here has proved viable in helping to interpret trends in bioavailability and the toxicological significance of accumulated metal burdens in Thames eels. A. anguilla is a common inhabitant of estuarine and fresh waters throughout Europe, and related species occur world wide. Therefore, determination of hepatic MT (and associated metals) in eels could be useful for monitoring responses to metal exposure and environmental quality on a much broader basis. Ideally these determinations should be performed in tandem with other sublethal-effects measurements to maximise information.  相似文献   

First measurement of helium on Mars: implications for the problem of radiogenic gases on the terrestrial planets     

Krasnopolsky VA  Bowyer S  Chakrabarti S  Gladstone GR  McDonald JS 《Icarus》1994,109(2):337-351

108 +/- 11 photons of the martian He 584-angstroms airglow detected by the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite during a 2-day exposure (January 22-23, 1993) correspond to the effective disk average intensity of 43 +/- 10 Rayleigh. Radiative transfer calculations, using a model atmosphere appropriate to the conditions of the observation and having an exospheric temperature of 210 +/- 20 K, result in a He mixing ratio of 1.1 +/- 0.4 ppm in the lower atmosphere. Nonthermal escape of helium is due to electron impact ionization and pickup of He+ by the solar wind, to collisions with hot oxygen atoms, and to charge exchange with molecular species with corresponding column loss rates of 1.4 x 10(5), 3 x 10(4), and 7 x 10(3) cm-2 sec-1, respectively. The lifetime of helium on Mars is 5 x 10(4) years. The He outgassing rate, coupled with the 40Ar atmospheric abundance and with the K:U:Th ratio measured in the surface rocks, is used as input to a single two-reservoir degassing model which is applied to Mars and then to Venus. A similar model with known abundances of K, U, and Th is applied to Earth. The models for Earth and Mars presume loss of all argon accumulated in the atmospheres during the first billion years by large-scale meteorite and planetesimal impacts. The models show that the degassing coefficients for all three planets may be approximated by function delta = delta (0)(t(0)/t)1/2 with delta (0) = 0/1, 0.04, and 0.0125 Byr-1 for Earth, Venus, and Mars, respectively. After a R2 correction this means that outgassing processes on Venus and Mars are weaker than on Earth by factors of 3 and 30, respectively. Mass ratios of U and Th are almost the same for all three planets, while potassium is depleted by a factor of 2 in Venus and Mars. Mass ratios of helium and argon are close to 5 x 10(-9) and 2 x 10(-8) g/g in the interiors of all three planets. The implications of these results are discussed.  相似文献   

吉林省西部月亮湖沉积物的²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs测年及沉积速率   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

柴社立  高丽娜  邱殿明  柴源  郭佳  徐学纯 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2013,(1):134-141

在吉林省西部月亮湖沉积柱中137 Cs和210Pb比活度测定的基础上,进行了沉积柱137 Cs和210Pb测年和现代沉积速率研究。月亮湖沉积柱在18cm和32cm处存在2个明显的137 Cs峰值,所对应的时标分别为1986年和1963年,据此时标计算的1963 2006年月亮湖的平均沉积速率为0.74cm/a,19862006年平均沉积速率为0.90cm/a。对比了CIC、CRS和CFCS模式的210Pb计年结果,其中:CIC模式的计年结果明显偏离137 Cs时标;64cm以浅沉积物的CRS、CFCS模式计年结果接近,并与137 Cs时标基本一致;但当沉积物的深度大于64cm时,CRS、CFCS模式计年结果具一定差别,鉴于此深度以下CFCS模式计年的指数方程的相关系数较低,其计年结果的代表性较差,因此,此深度以下采用CRS模式计年。根据CRS模式计年结果计算的月亮湖沉积速率为:1835 1898年平均为0.33cm/a,1898 1920年平均为1.09cm/a,1920 1961年平均为2.21cm/a,1961 2006年平均为0.94cm/a。沉积速率的年际变化反映了月亮湖及其流域内自然环境变化和人类活动的影响程度。  相似文献   

Identifying fluorescent pulp mill effluent in the Gulf of Maine and its watershed     

KM Cawley  KD Butler  GR Aiken  LG Larsen  TG Huntington  DM McKnight 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(8):1678-1687

Using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) we characterized and modeled the fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in samples from the Penobscot River, Androscoggin River, Penobscot Bay, and the Gulf of Maine (GoM). We analyzed excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) using an existing PARAFAC model (Cory and McKnight, 2005) and created a system-specific model with seven components (GoM PARAFAC). The GoM PARAFAC model contained six components similar to those in other PARAFAC models and one unique component with a spectrum similar to a residual found using the Cory and McKnight (2005) model. The unique component was abundant in samples from the Androscoggin River immediately downstream of a pulp mill effluent release site. The detection of a PARAFAC component associated with an anthropogenic source of DOM, such as pulp mill effluent, demonstrates the importance for rigorously analyzing PARAFAC residuals and developing system-specific models.  相似文献   

辽西葫芦岛东部表层结构调查及速度建模     

葛利华  姜弢  徐学纯  贾海青  杨志超 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2014,44(3):1039

针对国家深部探测项目地震数据采集及表层速度结构模型建立的需求,在辽西葫芦岛东部二维地震勘探工区开展了表层结构调查工作。该地区地表起伏大,表层结构复杂,低、降速层厚度和速度多变,静校正问题突出,做好表层结构速度建模工作成为该区地震勘探的关键问题之一。由该工区实验点多种表层调查方法对比实验结果,确定了该工区表层调查工作方式：以井中微测井方法为主,在满足小折射地表条件的区段辅以成本较低的小折射方法作为补充;同时对留作微测井的生产井进行岩性录井。基于以上方法,分析了表层调查野外施工的难点和对策,确定了微测井采集参数。本次表层调查工作测线长度16.9 km,设计了8口微测井,根据微测井解释成果得到如下结果：该测线表层分2~3层;低速层厚度为1.68~4.33 m,速度为350~1 000 m/s;降速层厚度为5.00~12.00 m,速度为1 000~2 800 m/s;高速层主要为岩性致密的花岗岩,速度为2 800~4 900 m/s。根据井中微测井结果及层间相似系数,建立了该测线的表层模型,设计激发井深13.00~15.00 m,并获得静校正量数据。  相似文献   

辽西杨家杖子侵入岩地球化学和年代学特征及其与成矿的关系     

徐学纯  张行行  郑常青  崔芳华  高源  高峰 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,45(3):804-819

辽西杨家杖子地区位于华北板块北缘,燕山褶皱带东段。该区侵入岩主要有4种类型:中粗粒钾长花岗岩、斑状钾长花岗岩、似斑状钾长花岗岩和细粒角闪二长岩。其中:主体岩石为中粗粒钾长花岗岩、斑状钾长花岗岩和似斑状钾长花岗岩,均呈较大的岩基出露,沿北东向展布,锆石U-Pb同位素测年结果显示其形成于早侏罗世(181~188 Ma);细粒角闪二长岩多呈岩墙或岩脉产出,近南北向展布,锆石U-Pb同位素测年结果显示其形成于晚三叠世(227 Ma左右)。岩石地球化学分析结果显示:斑状钾长花岗岩和似斑状钾长花岗岩属于弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石;细粒角闪二长岩属于准铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石。斑状钾长花岗岩和似斑状钾长花岗岩富集高场强元素Th、La、Nd、Hf和Gd,亏损高场强元素Ti、Ho和大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr;细粒角闪二长岩富集高场强元素Gd、Er和大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr,亏损高场强元素Nb、Hf、Ti、Pr、Y、Yb。稀土配分模式图均为右倾型,轻稀土元素分馏明显,重稀土元素分馏不明显。研究表明该区中生代岩浆作用主要发生在早侏罗世,且与著名的杨家杖子钼矿有着密切的成因联系,而晚三叠世岩浆作用相对较弱。  相似文献   

大兴安岭北部察哈彦岩体的Hf同位素特征及其地质意义   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

隋振民  葛文春  吴福元  徐学纯  张吉衡 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2009,39(5)

察哈彦岩体位于大兴安岭东北部额尔古纳地块之上,主要岩性为斑状黑云母正长花岗岩.岩体中锆石呈自形晶,发育细微振荡生长环带,显示高的Th/U值(0.32～1.12),表明锆石的岩浆成因.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年结果为(236±1)Ma,属中三叠世岩浆活动的产物.察哈彦岩体未见变形,具有块状构造,地球化学显示为弱过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列,富集LREE和Rb、K等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素,与后造山I型花岗岩特征相似,应形成于引张的构造环境.结合区域构造研究成果,其成因应与华北板块和西伯利亚板块碰撞造山后岩石圈伸展环境有关.察哈彦岩体的 Hf(t)值为-3.94～2.19,其模式年龄为1.1～1.5 Ga,与额尔古纳地块早古生代花岗岩和中生代花岗岩基本相同,表明额尔古纳地块地壳增生的时间主要发生在中-新元古代.  相似文献   

长春地质学院变质地质学学科简介     

徐学纯  卢良兆  马志红 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》1996,(1)

长春地质学院变质地质学学科简介徐学纯，卢良兆，马志红（长春地矿部变质动力学开放研究实验室，１３００２６）１学科点概况变质地质学作为一门新兴的综合性边缘学科，已得到国内外地质学家的公认，国际上已专门出版了著名的＂变质地质学＂杂志。长春地质学院在该研究领...  相似文献   

论鲁东造山带成因     

凌贤长  刘春华  徐学纯  卢良兆 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》1996,(3)

鲁东造山带是由扬子陆块与胶辽古陆碰撞带隆起形成的。碰撞带形成于晋宁期，隆起开始于晋宁末期，结束于中生代印支燕山期。  相似文献