Leaf retention in streams of the Agüera basin (northern Spain)     

Santiago Larrañaga  José Ramón Díez  Arturo Elosegi  Jesús Pozo 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2003,65(2):158-166

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Beyond maximum entropy: Fractal pixon-based image reconstruction     

R. C. Puetter  R. K. Piña 《Experimental Astronomy》1994,3(1-4):293-296

We have developed a new Bayesian image reconstruction method that has been shown to be superior to the best implementations of other methods, including Goodnessof-Fit (e.g. Least-Squares and Lucy-Richardson) and Maximum Entropy (ME). Our new method is based on the concept of the pixon, the fundamental, indivisible unit of picture information. Use of the pixon concept provides an improved image model, resulting in an image prior which is superior to that of standard ME.  相似文献   

Single multipurpose reservoir design: a modified optimal control problem by chance-constrained programming     

Miguel A. Mariño  Slobodan P. Simonovic 《Advances in water resources》1981,4(1):43-48

This paper presents a chance-constrained programming model for optimal control of a multipurpose reservoir and its modification to a model for single reservoir design. An algorithm is developed for solving complex stochastic problems of multipurpose reservoir planning and design. The complexity of the problem is resolved by a two-step algorithm: (1) transformation of chance constraints on the state and control variables is performed at the first step; and (2) the choice of optimum control or optimal reservoir storage is carried out in the second step. The method of iterative convolution is chosen for the first step, while linear programming is selected for the second step. The algorithm allows the use of random inflows and random demands together with other deterministic demands. The reservoir design problem is presented as a modified optimal control problem. The procedure is illustrated with an example of a hypothetical reservoir design problem with three different types of downstream releases (hydropower production, municipal water supply, and irrigation).  相似文献   

Early Paleozoic orogeny in southern South America     

F.G. Aceñolaza  H. Miller 《Precambrian Research》1982,17(2):133-146

In northwest Argentina, weakly metamorphic clastic and calcareous sedimentary rocks of latest Precambrian to Lower Cambrian age (Puncoviscana Formation and related units) contain an abundant ichnofauna of both chronostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental value. In the western and central Sierras Pampeanas, metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks are considered to form part of the same geotectonic unit. This “Pampean orogenic cycle” includes geosynclinal sedimentation of latest Precambrian to Lower Cambrian age, as well as magmatism, metamorphism and deformation of Middle to Upper Cambrian age, documented by an angular unconformity below the Upper Cambrian to Devonian rocks of the “Famatinian orogenic cycle”. In some of the metamorphic rocks of the Pampean Cycle a pre-Ordovician folding is also distinguished from a later tectonic overprinting. Hence, the concept of a Pampean cycle differs from other concepts of late Precambrian orogenic cycles of South America which are only defined by radiometric ages. The Pampean orogenesis may be compared with the Ross orogenesis of the Transantarctic Mts., the Tyennan orogenesis of Australia and some of the deformation phases of the Damara orogen in Namibia.  相似文献   

Proposal of a function for modelling the hourly frequency distributions of photosynthetically active radiation     

J. Tovar-Pescador  D. Pozo-Vazquez  J. Batlles  G. López  D. Muñoz-Vicente 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2004,79(1-2):71-79

Summary Solar irradiance is a key factor in the physiological processes of living beings. To obtain simple correlations for the estimation of the performance of biological systems, which transform the solar energy by photosynthesis, and to generate synthetic data, it is necessary to know the frequency distributions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In this work we carried out an analysis of the properties of hourly values of PAR data, using 9 years of data collected in southern Spain. In particularly, its dependence on the optical mass, for all type of skies including cloudy skies, is studied. Results shows that, for a given value of the optical mass, the PAR density distributions are not symmetrical and have a certain degree of bimodality. The increment in the optical mass value has two effects on the PAR distributions, the first one is a shift toward lower values of the maximum and the second one is a decrease in the range of PAR values. Finally, a model of the frequency distribution of PAR values, based on a new kind of functions related to the Boltzmanns statistic, is proposed. The parameters of these functions depend just on the optical mass. Results show a very good agreement between the data and the model proposed.  相似文献   

High CO2 Levels in Boreholes at El Teide Volcano Complex (Tenerife, Canary Islands): Implications for Volcanic Activity Monitoring     

V. Soler  J. A. Castro-Almazán  R. T. Viñas  A. Eff-Darwich  S. Sánchez-Moral  C. Hillaire-Marcel  I. Farrujia  J. Coello  J. de la Nuez  M. C. Martín  M. L. Quesada  E. Santana 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(7):1519-1532

Emissions of CO₂ have been known for more than a hundred years as fumarolic activity at the terminal crater of El Teide volcano and as diffuse emissions at numerous water prospection drillings in the volcanic island of Tenerife. Large concentrations of CO₂ (>10% in volume) have been found inside galleries, long horizontal tunnels excavated for water mining. However, CO₂ concentrations of only 2900 ppm have been observed at the surface of the central region of the island (Las Cañadas del Teide caldera). In this work we analysed CO₂ concentrations in the subsurface of Las Cañadas caldera, in an attempt to study the vertical distribution of carbon dioxide and, in particular, the low emissions at the surface. This has been done through a series of 17 vertical profiles in two deep boreholes excavated in the Caldera. We found high levels of CO₂, varying in time from 13 vol% up to 40 vol% in different profiles directly above the water table, while no significant concentrations were detected above the thermal inversion that takes places in both boreholes at approximately 100 m from the water table. Water analyses also showed high dissolved CO₂ levels in equilibrium with the air, and an average 13C value in DIC of +4.7 (PDB), apparently induced by fast CO₂ degassing in the bicarbonated water.  相似文献   

Diffraction of plane SV waves by a shallow circular-arc canyon in a saturated poroelastic half-space   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Jianwen Liang  Zhenning Ba  Vincent W. Lee   《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2006,26(6-7):582-610

An analytical solution for the scattering and diffraction of incident plane SV waves by a shallow circular-arc canyon in a saturated poroelastic half-space is derived by the wave function expansion method. The solution is utilized to analyze the dependence of the computed surface motions on the incident frequencies, incident angles, porosity, boundary drainage and Poisson's ratio. It is shown that, depending on the incident angles, the surface displacement amplitudes around a canyon in a dry poroelastic half-space and saturated poroelastic half-space can be very different. The surface displacement amplitudes of an undrained saturated poroelastic half-space are close to those of a drained saturated poroelastic half-space. For low porosity, the surface displacement amplitudes of a saturated poroelastic half-space are almost identical to those of a dry poroelastic half-space, and drainage condition has little influence on the surface displacement amplitudes. But for high porosity, the effect of drainage condition becomes significant, and for the same porosity, the displacement amplitudes of an undrained saturated half-space will be larger than those of a drained saturated half-space. Poisson's ratio is also an important factor affecting the surface displacement amplitudes around the canyon, both in drained and undrained conditions, but leads to larger effects for an undrained saturated half-space than for a drained saturated half-space. Large pore pressures are found around the canyon and their amplitudes depend on the incident angles and frequencies. Below the surface, the amplitudes of pore pressures are less than they are at the surface, especially for high frequencies.  相似文献   

Cloud cover analysis associated to cut-off low-pressure systems over Europe using Meteosat Imagery     

G. Delgado  A. Redaño  J. Lorente  R. Nieto  L. Gimeno  P. Ribera  D. Barriopedro  R. García-Herrera  A. Serrano 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2007,96(1-2):141-157

Summary This paper reports a cloud cover analysis of cut-off low pressure systems (COL) using a pattern recognition method applied to IR and VIS bispectral histograms. 35 COL occurrences were studied over five years (1994–1998). Five cloud types were identified in COLs, of which high clouds (HCC) and deep convective clouds (DCC) were found to be the most relevant to characterize COL systems, though not the most numerous. Cloud cover in a COL is highly dependent on its stage of development, but a higher percentage of cloud cover is always present in the frontal zone, attributable due to higher amounts of high and deep convective clouds. These general characteristics are most marked during the first stage (when the amplitude of the geopotencial wave increases) and second stage (characterized by the development of a cold upper level low), closed cyclonic circulation minimizing differences between rearward and frontal zones during the third stage. The probability of heavy rains during this stage decreases considerably. The centres of mass of high and deep convective clouds move towards the COL-axis centre during COL evolution.  相似文献   

Changed thinning regimes may increase carbon stock under climate change: A case study from a Finnish boreal forest     

Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo  Heli Peltola  Elemer Briceño-elizondo  Seppo Kellomäki 《Climatic change》2007,81(3-4):431-454

A physiological growth and yield model was applied for assessing the effects of forest management and climate change on the carbon (C) stocks in a forest management unit located in Finland. The aim was to outline an appropriate management strategy with regard to C stock in the ecosystem (C in trees and C in soil) and C in harvested timber. Simulations covered 100 years using three climate scenarios (current climate, ECHAM4 and HadCM2), five thinning regimes (based on current forest management recommendations for Finland) and one unthinned. Simulations were undertaken with ground true stand inventory data (1451 hectares) representing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and silver birch (Betula pendula) stands. Regardless of the climate scenario, it was found that shifting from current practices to thinning regimes that allowed higher stocking of trees resulted in an increase of up to 11% in C in the forest ecosystem. It also increased the C in the timber yield by up to 14%. Compared to current climatic conditions, the mean increase over the thinning regimes in the total C stock in the forest ecosystem due to the climate change was a maximum of 1%; but the mean increase in total C in timber yield over thinning regimes was a maximum of 12%.  相似文献   

Message contribution for the journal “Landslides” December 2004     

Sálvano Briceño 《Landslides》2005,2(1):1-2

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