The Electron Energy Spectrum from Large Solar Flares   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

G. M. Simnett 《Solar physics》2006,237(2):383-395

We report on the differential electron spectrum for intense transient events seen at one AU by the EPAM instrument on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft. Over an observing period from September 1997 to September 2005, there were 45 major events that could be reliably identified with a source flare on the Sun. In the ∼40 – 300 keV energy range, the electron spectral index was between one and three for all but two of the events. Twenty-five of the events were associated with Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) X-ray class X flares. We compare this result with the spectral index measured from electron pulse events, lasting approx. one hour or less, where the spectral index is typically much softer than three. This suggests that the measured spectral index of near-relativistic electrons at one AU may be a reliable indicator of the source. We also examine the likelihood that fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are responsible in themselves for accelerating near-relativistic electrons and conclude that they do not.  相似文献   

A major sulphur isotope event at c. 510 Ma: a possible anoxia–extinction–volcanism connection during the Early–Middle Cambrian transition?     

M.L. Hough  G.A. Shields  L.Z. Evins  H. Strauss  R.A. Henderson  S. Mackenzie 《地学学报》2006,18(4):257-263

A new approach to constraining seawater δ³⁴S and sulphate concentration using francolite‐bound sulphate reveals an abrupt increase in δ³⁴S to +50‰ around the Early–Middle Cambrian boundary. Such high δ³⁴S values are best explained by increased rates of pyrite burial due to ocean anoxia coupled with an increased sensitivity of the ocean sulphate reservoir to perturbations due to low sulphate concentrations of 500–700 μgL^?1. We argue that the spread of anoxic waters at this time was partly the result of greenhouse warming related to the eruption of the Kalkarindji Large Igneous Province of northern Australia and that it triggered the collapse of early metazoan reef ecosystems during the latest Early Cambrian. Mass extinctions of the last 260 Myr have all coincided with enhanced volcanic activity, while several are also associated with positive shifts in seawater δ³⁴S. Extending this correlation back in time further implicates volcanically induced climate change as a major determining factor in biosphere evolution. Terra Nova, 18, 257–263, 2006  相似文献   

An HLLC Riemann solver for relativistic flows – II. Magnetohydrodynamics     

A. Mignone  G. Bodo 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,368(3):1040-1054

An approximate Riemann solver for the equations of relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) is derived. The Harten–Lax–van Leer contact wave (HLLC) solver, originally developed by Toro, Spruce and Spears, generalizes the algorithm described in a previous paper to the case where magnetic fields are present. The solution to the Riemann problem is approximated by two constant states bounded by two fast shocks and separated by a tangential wave. The scheme is Jacobian-free, in the sense that it avoids the expensive characteristic decomposition of the RMHD equations and it improves over the HLL scheme by restoring the missing contact wave.
Multidimensional integration proceeds via the single step, corner transport upwind (CTU) method of Colella, combined with the constrained transport (CT) algorithm to preserve divergence-free magnetic fields. The resulting numerical scheme is simple to implement, efficient and suitable for a general equation of state. The robustness of the new algorithm is validated against one- and two-dimensional numerical test problems.  相似文献   

Statistical description of the radiation field in a homogeneous medium of finite optical thickness     

A. G. Nikoghossian 《Astrophysics》2006,49(2):228-239

The problem of finding statistical averages which characterize the radiation field in a semi-infinite atmosphere has been discussed by the author in a series of papers. In this paper some of the results obtained there are generalized to media of finite optical thickness. The average number of scattering events undergone by a photon during its random walk in an atmosphere and the average time required for this are determined. Three different types of averages are considered, depending on the photon characteristics over which the averages are taken. Special attention is devoted to the asymptotic behavior of these quantities for media with large optical depths taking the influence of continuum absorption into account. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 263–275 (May 2006).  相似文献   

Response of sediment characteristics to trophic state change at submerged macrophyte zones in a large shallow Lake Wuliangsuhai,China     

Liu  Zhenying  Jin  Zhaohui  Li  Yawei  Gu  Jiujun  Li  Tielong  Kang  Haiyan 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(1):10-11

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High-resolution observations of a complete sample of 27 FR II radio galaxies and quasars with 0.3 < z < 0.6     

G. M. Gilbert  J. M. Riley  M. J. Hardcastle  J. H. Croston  G. G. Pooley  P. Alexander 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,351(3):845-890

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Radiation exposure and Mission Strategies for Interplanetary Manned Missions (REMSIM)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. Cougnet  N. B. Crosby  S. Eckersley  C. Foullon  V. Guarnieri  S. Guatelli  D. Heynderickx  A. Holmes-Siedle  C. Lobascio  S. Masiello  P. Nieminen  G. Parisi  P. Parodi  M. A. Perino  M. G. Pia  R. Rampini  P. Spillantini  V. Tamburini  E. Tracino 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2004,94(3-4):279-285

Cosmic radiation is an important problem for human interplanetary missions. The “Radiation Exposure and Mission Strategies for Interplanetary Manned Missions–REMSIM” study is summarised here. They are related to current strategies and countermeasures to ensure the protection of astronauts from radiation during interplanetary missions, with specific reference to: radiation environment and its variability; radiation effects on the crew; transfer trajectories and associated fluences; vehicle and surface habitat concepts; passive and active shielding concepts; space weather monitoring and warning systems.  相似文献   

Radiative Transfer in Inhomogeneous Atmospheres. III     

A. G. Nikoghossian 《Astrophysics》2004,47(3):412-421

The approach proposed in the previous parts of this series of papers is used to solve the radiative transfer problem in scattering and absorbing multicomponent atmospheres. Linear recurrence relations are obtained for both the reflectance and transmittance of these kinds of atmospheres, as well as for the emerging intensities when the atmosphere contains energy sources. Spectral line formation in a one-dimensional inhomogeneous atmosphere is examined as an illustration of the possibility of generalizing our approach to the matrix case. It is shown that, in this case as well, the question reduces to solving an initial value problem for linear differential equations. Some numerical calculations are presented.  相似文献   

Magnetic Reconnection Solutions Based on a Generalized Ohm's law     

Craig  I.J.D.  Watson  P.G. 《Solar physics》2003,214(1):131-150

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Opposition polarimetry and photometry of S- and E-type asteroids     

Irina N Belskaya  Vasilij G Shevchenko  Yurij N Krugly  Yurij S Efimov  Alberto Cellino 《Icarus》2003,166(2):276-284

The first results of the observational program devoted to simultaneous investigation of asteroid polarimetric and photometric opposition phenomena are presented. UBVRI polarimetric and V-band photometric observations of the S-type Asteroid 20 Massalia and the E-type Asteroids 214 Aschera and 620 Drakonia were carried out in 1996-1999 down to phase angles of 0.08°, 0.7°, and 1.2°, correspondingly. The S-type Asteroid 20 Massalia is characterized by the pronounced brightness opposition surge with an amplitude larger than that observed for the E-type asteroids. A sharp peak of negative polarization at small phase angles was not observed for this asteroid. The value of polarization degree at phase angle α<1° is less than 0.5% for both S and E types. The negative polarization branches of S and especially E-asteroids have an asymmetrical shape. The phase angle at which the polarization minimum occurs is close to the angle at which non-linear increase begins in the asteroid magnitude phase curves. A relation of the observed effects to the mechanism of coherent backscattering is discussed.  相似文献