The value of technology and of its evolution towards a low carbon economy   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Massimo Tavoni  Enrica De Cian  Gunnar Luderer  Jan Christoph Steckel  Henri Waisman 《Climatic change》2012,114(1):39-57

This paper assesses the economic value associated with the development of various low-carbon technologies in the context of climate stabilization. We analyze the impact of restrictions on the development of specific mitigation technologies, comparing three integrated assessment models used in the RECIPE comparison exercise. Our results indicate that the diversification of the carbon mitigation portfolio is an important determinant of the feasibility of climate policy. Foregoing specific low carbon technologies raises the cost of achieving the climate policy, though at different rates. CCS and renewables are shown to have the highest value, given their flexibility and wide coverage. The costs associated with technology failure are shown to be related to the role that each technology plays in the stabilization scenario, but also to the expectations about their technological progress. In particular, the costs of restriction of mature technologies can be partly compensated by more innovation and technological advancement.  相似文献   

Factors Controlling Total Concentration and Aqueous Speciation of Aluminium in an Acidic Headwater Stream of the Bavarian Forest National Park: a Modelling Approach     

Ingo Haag  Klaus Moritz  Jochen Bittersohl  Gunnar Lischeid 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2001,29(4):206-218

The purpose of the present paper is to analyse factors controlling total concentration and aqueous speciation of aluminium in the Große Ohe River, using a thermodynamic equilibrium model and a mixing approach. A model compound for humic substances is derived on the basis of the relation between anion deficit and the organic carbon content in the river as well as literature data. An equilibrium speciation model for aluminium is set up, considering this model compound and relevant inorganic solutes. Although the model cannot be verified directly, its results may be viewed as qualitatively correct. Applying the model to measured stream water samples highlights that aqueous speciation of aluminium is mainly controlled by the pH value and discharge and that free aluminium concentrations reach clearly toxic levels during acidic episodes. Comparing measured concentrations of sulfate and H⁺ and calculated concentrations of Al³⁺ with solubility curves of gibbsite like minerals and jurbanite clearly shows that total aluminium concentrations are not controlled by equilibria with these mineral phases alone. The observed relationship can be better explained from a mixture of two distinct waters, representing lowflow and highflow chemistry, and the resulting equilibrium concentrations. This indicates that total aluminium concentration, in particular during high discharge events, is mainly controlled by the mixture of waters with differing chemistry and flowpaths.  相似文献   

Analysis of groundfish survey abundance data: combining the GLM and delta approaches   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8  

Stefansson  Gunnar 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1996,53(3):577-588

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Studies of a physostome swimbladder by resonance frequency analyses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sundnes  Gunnar; Sand  Olav 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1975,36(2):176-182

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Regional co-development and security:: a comprehensive approach   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gunnar Kullenberg   《Ocean & Coastal Management》2002,45(11-12)

Concepts of security are no longer limited to the military form, but other potential, economic, ecological, social aspects are becoming included.Emphasis needs to be put on integration of all dimensions of security. Many environmental problems present threats to human health and welfare and hence to the well-being of nations. The environmental issues cannot be ignored in context of any comprehensive security concept, but environmental security should not be treated in isolation.Integration of sustainable development and regional security may address many of the current maritime issues. Such integration may best be handled jointly and at regional levels.With this in mind and the realization that there is now a clear awareness and understanding that issues such as poverty, underdevelopment, population growth, environmental quality and sustainable resource use, are interrelated and interdependent and must be dealt with as such, the paper aims to highlight some aspects of regional security and sustainable development issues with reference to the Mediterranean basin. The aim is to initiate a process to pursue integration of sustainable development and comprehensive regional security with focus on the Mediterranean.The approach is based on the concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind as proposed by Arvid Pardo in 1967. It has 4 dimensions: economic; ethical; environmental; peace and security. In dealing with the proposal of Arvid Pardo the United Nations General Assembly decided to split up the concept: the Conference on the Law of the Sea was to deal with the peaceful uses of oceans and sea-beds; the Conference on Disarmament with the security aspects, then considered as military. UNCED 92 maintained the separation in addressing only environment and development, with management also included. However, peace and security were not included. It is time now to include these elements, and also consider the enforcement issue. The paper aims at illustrating this need through some examples from the Mediterranean basin.  相似文献   

Arsenic mobilisation in a new well field for drinking water production along the Red River,Nam Du,Hanoi     

Jenny Norrman  Charlotte J. Sparrenbom  Michael Berg  Dang Duc Nhan  Pham Quy Nhan  Håkan Rosqvist  Gunnar Jacks  Emma Sigvardsson  David Baric  Johanna Moreskog  Peter Harms-Ringdahl  Nguyen Van Hoan 《Applied Geochemistry》2008

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How climate metrics affect global mitigation strategies and costs: a multi-model study     

Mathijs J. H. M. Harmsen  Maarten van den Berg  Volker Krey  Gunnar Luderer  Adriana Marcucci  Jessica Strefler  Detlef P. Van Vuuren 《Climatic change》2016,135(2):203-209

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A heat pulse technique for the determination of small‐scale flow directions and flow velocities in the streambed of sand‐bed streams     

Jörg Lewandowski  Lisa Angermann  Gunnar Nützmann  Jan H. Fleckenstein 《水文研究》2011,25(20):3244-3255

The hyporheic zone (HZ) has the capability to eliminate and attenuate nutrients and contaminants in riverine systems. Biogeochemical reactions and the potential elimination of contaminants are strongly controlled by the flow paths and dynamics in the HZ. Nevertheless, an easily applicable method for the field determination of flow patterns in the HZ is still lacking. Therefore, a heat pulse technique, which traces the movement of a short heat pulse in the upper part of the HZ and other sand beds, was developed. Five rods are vertically driven into the sediment of the streambed; one rod with a heater as point source located in about 10‐cm sediment depth and four rods with four temperature sensors in 3 cm distance, arranged concentrically with 7 cm diameter around the heating rod. Subsequently, a heat pulse is applied and the resulting breakthrough curves are indicative of flow velocities and flow directions in the streambed. A rough data analysis procedure is also suggested. In addition, laboratory experiments were performed to test the heat pulse technique. These experiments were validated based on coupled numerical modelling of flow and heat transport. First field tests of the method prove that the method is easily applicable under field conditions. These first field tests showed highly complex flow patterns with flow velocities from 1·8 to 4·9 cm min^?1 and flow directions from parallel to surface flow to opposite to surface flow. This suggests the need for a robust method to quantify hyporheic flow patterns in situ. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Real system analyses/natural analogues     

Ulrich Noseck  Eva-Lena Tullborg  Juhani Suksi  Marcus Laaksoharju  Václava Havlová  Melissa A. Denecke  Gunnar Buckau 《Applied Geochemistry》2012

This paper gives an overview of the behaviour of U in two natural systems, the Forsmark site (a granitic system) in Sweden and the Ruprechtov site (a Tertiary sedimentary system) in the Czech Republic, which have been investigated in the frame of the FUNMIG project. It is not a full review paper on U geochemistry. It shows how different approaches and methods have been used to derive information on U solubility and speciation, on characteristics of key processes as well as on timescales of these processes and accordingly information on the long-term stability of U phases in the natural systems. The results are set in a wider context by relation to selected results from other sites.  相似文献   

The effects of controlled drainage on subsurface outflow from level agricultural fields     

Ingrid Wesstrm  Gunnar Ekbohm  Harry Linnr  Ingmar Messing 《水文研究》2003,17(8):1525-1538

Daily outflow frequencies and recession curves were used to identify differences in storage–outflow relationships between two different drainage systems, conventional and controlled drainage. A three‐year (1996–1999) field drainage experiment was carried out on a loamy sand soil in southern Sweden. Plots with an area of 0·2 hectares were drained by conventional subsurface drainage (CD) or by controlled drainage (CWT1 and CWT2). The controlled drainage system allowed the groundwater level in the soil to be varied during the year. It was kept at least 70 cm below the soil surface during the growing season but allowed to rise to a maximum of 20 cm below the soil surface during the rest of the year. Measurements were performed to record precipitation, drain outflow and groundwater levels. Daily values of outflow were divided into 10 categories, based on the size of outflow. Recession curves of hourly measurement of outflow were selected. They behaved like single reservoirs and a linear storage–outflow model was applied. Least squares estimates of the parameters initial outflow, initial storage volume and retention constant were calculated. Controlled drainage had a significant effect on total drain outflow and outflow pattern during the three years of measurement. The total drain outflow was 70% to 90% smaller in CWT than in CD. The analysis revealed that the initial outflows were higher, the retention constant and the temporary storage lower in CWT. The hydrological impacts of the reduction in temporary storage were higher peak flow, shorter lag time and shorter recession time and these effects increased with an increased groundwater level. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献