穿过俄勒冈州图拉丁山脉的重力研究：波特兰都市区地壳结构的解释和地震危险性     

R．J．Blakely  M．H．Beeson  K.  Cruikshank  R.  E.  Wells  A.  Johnson  K.  Walsh  李清林 《世界地震译丛》2005,(5):33-40

穿过波特兰市区西部图拉丁山脉（波特兰山）的高分辨率重力测量，展现出以前根据地表地质学和航磁测绘识别出的断层的证据。本次重力测量是在1996年沿着长4．5km的双孔隧道进行的，该隧道在当时的建设中及现在一直在波特兰市区与波特兰山以西的居民区之间通轻便火车。在隧道内的重力从西到东逐渐增加，这种情况反映了隧道位于西边的图拉丁盆地低密度沉积物与其东边高密度大部分隐蔽的始新世玄武岩之间。叠加在这一梯度之上的是几个阶梯状异常，我们将其解释为密度明显差异的岩石之间断续接触的证据。这些异常的最大值发生在西尔万克里克之下，这里存在一条以前测绘出的断层。另一异常发生在距西洞口1200m处，大约是隧道与航磁异常相交汇的部位，航磁异常与西尔万断层（原来称为奥特菲尔德断层）有关。以这些重力资料为依据的岩石学横剖面显示出阶梯状异常与陡倾逆断层相一致，虽然走滑位移也许同样重要。与上方地形洼地相对应的3个重力低异常可能反映存在着剪切带。几个中等地震（M≥3．5）1991年发生在隧道当前的位置，说明这些断层中的几条或波特兰山断层带的其他断层是地震活动断层。  相似文献   

2004年12月26日苏门答腊—安达曼地震激发的地球自由振荡   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J.PARK  T.-R.A.SONG  J.TROMP  E.OKAL  S.STEIN  G.ROULT  E.CLEVEDE  G.LASKE  H.KANAMORI  P.DAVIS  J.BERGER  C.BRAITENBERG  M.V.CAMP  S.ROSAT  武敏捷 《世界地震译丛》2005,(6):24-31

根据300~500S的面波估计得到的哈佛大学矩心矩张量断层机制,当周期大于1000S时,地球的地震自由振荡的振幅将异常地大。我们对一个比较陡的断层应用根据地震的体波和面波得到的更真实的破裂模型,估计了自由振荡的振幅近似等于地震矩(6.5×1022N.M),这相当于矩震级为9.15。由于破裂的持续时间达600S,故断层破裂模型足以描述地震的观测结果,但却低估了大地测量位移,这些位移表明在尼科巴群岛和安达曼群岛下面发生了缓慢的断层运动。  相似文献   

Rock composition and origin of the Duwi Formation calcareous rocks, Upper Egypt     

Baioumy H. M. Attia A. M. Boulis S. N. Hassan M. S. Helmy M. E. 《中国地球化学学报》2005,24(4):316-326

Upper Cretaceous phosphorite beds of the Duwi Formation, Upper Egypt, are intercalated with limestone, sandy limestone, marl, calcareous shales, and calcareous sandstone. Calcareous intercalations were subjected to field and detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigations in order to constrain their rock composition and origin. Mineralogically, dolomite, calcite, quartz, francolite and feldspars are the non-clay minerals. Smectite, kaolinite and illite represent the clay minerals. Major and trace elements can be classified as the detrital and carbonate fractions based on their sources. The detrital fraction includes the elements that are derived from detrital sources, mainly clay minerals and quartz, such as Si, Al, Fe, Ti, K, Ba, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu, Zr, and Mo. The carbonate fraction includes the elements that are derived from carbonates, maily calcite and dolomite, such as Ca, Mg and Sr. Dolomite occurs as being dense, uniform, mosaic, very fine-to-fine, non-ferroan, and non-stoichiometrical, suggesting its early diagenetic formation in a near-shore oxidizing shallow marine environment. The close association and positive correlation between dolomite and smectite indicates the role of clay minerals in the formation of dolomite as a source of Mg^2＋ -rich solutions. Calcareous rocks were deposited in marine, oxidizing and weakly alkaline conditions, marking a semi-arid climatic period. The calcareous/argillaceous alternations are due to oscillations in clay/carbonate ratio.  相似文献   

Biomineralization of Uranium: A Simulated Experiment and Its Significance   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

L. L. BARTON  H. WIATROWSKI 《《地质学报》英文版》2005,79(1):134-138

A simulated experimental reduction of U^v1 and the synthesis of uraninite by a sulfate-reducing bacteria,Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM 642, are first reported. The simulated physicochemical experimental conditions were:35℃, pH=7.0-7.4, corresponding to the environments of formation of the sandstone-hosted interlayer oxidation-zone type uranium deposits in Xinjiang, NW China. Uraninite was formed on the surface of the host bacteria after a one-week‘s incubation. Therefore, sulfate-reducing bacteria, which existed extensively in Jurassic sandstone-producing environments,might have participated in the biomineralization of this uranium deposit. There is an important difference in the orderdisorder of the crystalline structure between the uraninite produced by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and naturally occurring uraninite. Long time and slow precipitation and growth of uraninite in the geological environment might have resulted in larger uraninite crystals, with uraninite nanocrystals arranged in order, whereas the experimentally produced uraninite is composed of unordered uraninite nanocrystals which, in contrast, result from the short time span of formation and rapid precipitation and growth of uraninite. The discovery has important implications for understanding genetic significance in mineralogy, and also indicates that in-situ bioremediation of U-contaminated environments and use of biotechnology in the treatment of radioactive liquid waste is being contemplated.  相似文献   

陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体坡面产流产沙试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

康宏亮  王文龙  薛智德  郭明明  李建明  白芸  邓利强  李艳富 《水科学进展》2016,27(2):256-265

采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究了陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体边坡的产流产沙过程。结果表明:①砾石存在改变了坡面入渗速率,径流系数受入渗速率的影响,随砾石含量的增加先线性递减后线性递增,并在10%砾石含量处存在阈值;径流系数随降雨强度的增加线性递增。②含砾石堆积体坡面流速较纯土堆积体降低,且随雨强增大,砾石延缓径流流动的作用越显著;雨强对径流流速的影响随砾石含量增加持续减弱。③土壤剥蚀率在产流24~33 min后显著增加,砾石主要对显著增加后的平均剥蚀率产生影响。④雨强1.0 mm/min时,砾石存在促进降雨侵蚀,产沙量增大;雨强大于1.0 mm/min时,砾石具有显著的减沙效应。  相似文献   

四川江油渔洞子飞仙关组巨鲕灰岩的成因解释——在微观及超微世界里认识华南早三叠世巨鲕灰岩的成因     

周志澄  罗辉  许波  Willems H.  王学恒  蔡华伟  陈迪舒  刘实佳  陈金华 《地层学杂志》2018,(2)

作为错时相沉积之一的巨鲕灰岩在我国华南早三叠世地层中广泛出现,在寒武纪之后本已消失的这种沉积类型为什么会在早三叠世又重新出现?在四川江油渔洞子下三叠统飞仙关组鲕粒灰岩的底部,产有一套巨鲕灰岩,通过高倍显微镜及扫描电镜的深入研究,首次发现在巨鲕灰岩的鲕粒和围岩中充满丰富的疑似底栖蓝细菌、疑似颗粒状浮游蓝细菌及其他超微化石。根据这些疑似底栖蓝细菌的结构和构造特点,可以划分出下列几种类型:疑似蛛网状蓝细菌,疑似微球状蓝细菌,疑似网格状蓝细菌,疑似蠕虫状蓝细菌,疑似直管状蓝细菌,疑似链状蓝细菌,疑似花瓣状蓝细菌和Renalsis,疑似颗粒状浮游蓝细菌(主要有两种类型:简单的椭球粒和螺旋状球粒)。超微化石包括钙球和铃铛形超微化石。疑似底栖和浮游蓝细菌及其他超微生物的大量繁盛,是二叠纪-三叠纪之交海洋生态环境恶化、海洋底栖动物大灭绝所产生的后果。这一发现不仅使我们在微观世界和超微世界里重新认识巨鲕灰岩的成因,它是生物和沉积两种主要因素共同作用的结果,从而对巨鲕灰岩的时代分布做出了很好的解释;同时,也可以帮助我们重塑当时该地区的海洋古生态系统。  相似文献   

Satellite estimates and subpixel variability of rainfall in a semi-arid grassland          下载免费PDF全文

Yong Chen  Jing Duan  Junling An  Huizhi Liu  Ulrich G?rsdorf  Franz H.Berger 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(5):24-29

卫星估雨精度的不确定性受到当地降雨类型和像元内降雨非均匀性影响,而结合这两个关键因素开展半干旱草原卫星估雨的研究有限.2009年夏,我们在中国锡林郭勒半干旱草原用多部微雨雷达和雨量计构建了9 km卫星像元降雨观测网,观测了像元内降雨非均匀性(空间变异系数CV),并评估了卫星估雨精度.结果表明:(1)CV值受像元内平均降雨量,降雨类型,降雨云面积及移向等影响,如高Cv值的降雨过程大多为平均降雨量小,对流性降雨过程,降雨云边缘像元CV值较高;(2)TRMM 3B42V7卫星估雨产品适用性较好,CMORPH和PERSIANN次之,但TRMM 3B42V7易在半干旱草原湖泊处高估降雨.  相似文献   

Spatial landslide susceptibility assessment using machine learning techniques assisted by additional data created with generative adversarial networks     

Husam A.H.Al-Najjar  Biswajeet Pradhan 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(2):625-637

In recent years,landslide susceptibility mapping has substantially improved with advances in machine learning.However,there are still challenges remain in landslide mapping due to the availability of limited inventory data.In this paper,a novel method that improves the performance of machine learning techniques is presented.The proposed method creates synthetic inventory data using Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs)for improving the prediction of landslides.In this research,landslide inventory data of 156 landslide locations were identified in Cameron Highlands,Malaysia,taken from previous projects the authors worked on.Elevation,slope,aspect,plan curvature,profile curvature,total curvature,lithology,land use and land cover(LULC),distance to the road,distance to the river,stream power index(SPI),sediment transport index(STI),terrain roughness index(TRI),topographic wetness index(TWI)and vegetation density are geo-environmental factors considered in this study based on suggestions from previous works on Cameron Highlands.To show the capability of GANs in improving landslide prediction models,this study tests the proposed GAN model with benchmark models namely Artificial Neural Network(ANN),Support Vector Machine(SVM),Decision Trees(DT),Random Forest(RF)and Bagging ensemble models with ANN and SVM models.These models were validated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUROC).The DT,RF,SVM,ANN and Bagging ensemble could achieve the AUROC values of(0.90,0.94,0.86,0.69 and 0.82)for the training;and the AUROC of(0.76,0.81,0.85,0.72 and 0.75)for the test,subsequently.When using additional samples,the same models achieved the AUROC values of(0.92,0.94,0.88,0.75 and 0.84)for the training and(0.78,0.82,0.82,0.78 and 0.80)for the test,respectively.Using the additional samples improved the test accuracy of all the models except SVM.As a result,in data-scarce environments,this research showed that utilizing GANs to generate supplementary samples is promising because it can improve the predictive capability of common landslide prediction models.  相似文献   

金在土壤中的存在形式及其预测意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

H.A.罗斯利亚科夫 《黄金地质科技》1990,(1):32-37

本文介绍了应用已知方法分离土壤（金含量由克拉克值水平到够矿石品位）中各种存在形式的金。查明金以自然金粒、矿物残留物和腐黑物的混入物、金富里酸和金胡敏酸络合物以及AuCI^-、Au(CIOH)^-、Au(OH)2^-类无机络合物等形式存在于土壤中，对隐伏金矿床来说，金在土壤中的各种存在形式呈带状分布，建议在为预测目的而解释弱地球化学异常时予以利用。  相似文献   

天然水中矿物溶解度的预测——25℃时高离子强度的Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO_4-OH-HCO_3-CO_3-H_2O体系     

Charles E  Harvie  Nancy Mdller  John H Weare  徐家英 《世界地质》1990,(1)

Harvie和Weare(1980)的矿物溶解度模型,被扩展到25℃时高浓度的8组份体系Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO_4-OH-HCO_3-CO_3-CO_2-H_2O。该模型就其水电解质溶液的热力学而言,是以Pitzer(1973)及其同事们的半经验公式为基础的。利用大量的适用于大多数亚体系的有效的等压、电动势及溶解度资料,把模型参数化。模型的推测能力,已通过体系中比参数化所用资料更为复杂的实验资料进行对比而证实。本文讨论了水电解质溶液的化学模型的基本特点和pH与溶液平衡特性之间的关系。  相似文献