Diasporic connections: case studies of Asian women in business     

Irene Hardill  Parvati Raghuram 《Area》1998,30(3):255-261

Summary In this paper, we use a case-study approach in order to explore the ways in which diasporic connections are being used by four Asian¹ businesswomen who serve an emerging niche market for clothing, which is defined by class and gender.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Anne E. McElroy  Stephen Tennenbaum  James D. Felley  Carl H. Hobbs  James D. Felley  Carl H. Hobbs  Irene H. Stuckey  Ning Labbish Chao 《Estuaries and Coasts》1988,11(1):73-77

  相似文献   

Estimation of hypocentral parameters of local earthquakes when crustal layers have constantP-velocities and dipping interfaces     

Irene Sarkar  R. Chander  K. N. Khattri  V. K. Gaur 《Journal of Earth System Science》1987,96(3):229-238

The paper describes an algorithm for estimating the hypocentral coordinates and origin time of local earthquakes when the wave speed model to be employed is a layered one with dipping interfaces. A constrained least-squared error problem has been solved using the penalty function approach, in conjunction with the sequential unconstrained optimization technique of Fiacco and McCormick. Joint confidence intervals for the computed parameters are estimated using the approach of Bard for nonlinear problems. These results show that when a hypocentre lies outside the array of recording stations and head waves from a dipping interface are involved, then its inclination must be taken into account for dip angles exceeding 5°.  相似文献   

The influence of oxic degradation on the sedimentary biomarker record I: evidence from Madeira Abyssal Plain turbidites     

Marcel J.L. HoefsW.Irene C. Rijpstra  Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(15):2719-2735

Free and ester-bound lipid biomarkers were analysed in oxidised and unoxidised parts of four distinct turbidites from the Madeira Abyssal Plain (MAP), which contained 1 to 2% organic carbon homogeneously distributed throughout the turbidites at the time they were deposited. These turbidites are well suited to study the effects of oxic degradation on lipid biomarkers without the complicating influence of varying organic matter sources, sedimentation rates, or bioturbation. One sample from the oxidised turbidite was compared with two samples from the unoxidised part of each turbidite. Postdepositional oxic degradation decreased concentrations of biomarkers by several orders of magnitude. The ester-bound lipids were degraded to a far lesser extent than their free counterparts were. The extent of degradation of different compounds differed substantially. Within a specific class of biomarkers, degradation also took place to a different extent, altering their distributions. This study shows that oxic degradation of the organic matter may have a profound effect on the biomarker fingerprint and may result in a severe bias in, for example, the interpretation of organic matter sources and the estimation of the palaeoproductivity of specific groups of phytoplankton.  相似文献   

The Energy Balance Experiment EBEX-2000. Part I: overview and energy balance   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Steven P. Oncley  Thomas Foken  Roland Vogt  Wim Kohsiek  H. A. R. DeBruin  Christian Bernhofer  Andreas Christen  Eva van Gorsel  David Grantz  Christian Feigenwinter  Irene Lehner  Claudia Liebethal  Heping Liu  Matthias Mauder  Andrea Pitacco  Luis Ribeiro  Tamas Weidinger 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):1-28

An overview of the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX-2000) is given. This experiment studied the ability of state-of-the-art measurements to close the surface energy balance over a surface (a vegetative canopy with large evapotranspiration) where closure has been difficult to obtain. A flood-irrigated cotton field over uniform terrain was used, though aerial imagery and direct flux measurements showed that the surface still was inhomogeneous. All major terms of the surface energy balance were measured at nine sites to characterize the spatial variability across the field. Included in these observations was an estimate of heat storage in the plant canopy. The resultant imbalance still was 10%, which exceeds the estimated measurement error. We speculate that horizontal advection in the layer between the canopy top and our flux measurement height may cause this imbalance, though our estimates of this term using our measurements resulted in values less than what would be required to balance the budget. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation  相似文献   

Application of LPW and SAI SAFNWC/MSG satellite products in pre-convective environments     

Miguel A. Martinez  Mercedes Velazquez  Marcelino Manso  Irene Mas 《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):366-379

The Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imagery (SEVIRI) instrument, on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), is a radiometer with eight infrared (IR) spectral bands. Seven of these channels are used to retrieve Layer Precipitable Water (LPW) and Stability Analysis Imagery (SAI). Both products are the PGE07 and the PGE08 of SAFNWC (Satellite Application Facility on support to Nowcasting and Very Short-Range Forecasting). The authors at Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INM) have developed the LPW and SAI algorithms, in the SAFNWC framework. Both products are retrieved using statistical retrieval based on neural networks. The main advantage of these algorithms versus physical retrieval algorithms is the independence from the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. The LPW provides information on the water vapor contained in a vertical column of unit cross-section area in three layers in the troposphere (low, middle and high) and in the total layer in cloud free areas. The SAI provides estimations of the atmospheric instability in cloud free areas, in particular the Lifted Index (LI).The stability and precipitable water obtained with both products are routinely generated every 15 min at a satellite horizontal resolution of 3 km in NADIR. A significant advantage of these MSG products, compared to traditional measurements such as radiosondes, is their ability to measure high resolution temporal and spatial variations of atmospheric stability and moisture in pre-convective environments. The main disadvantage is that they do not have the vertical resolution of radiosonde. The MSG moisture and stability time trend fields are especially useful during the period preceding the outbreak of convection due to the high resolution. Once the outbreak of convection occurs, the products calculated in the clear air pixels surrounding the convective system will allow to foresee the evolution of the convection.  相似文献   

Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6  

Irene Lorenzoni  Sophie Nicholson-Cole  Lorraine Whitmarsh 《Global Environmental Change》2007,17(3-4):445-459

This paper reports on the barriers that members of the UK public perceive to engaging with climate change. It draws upon three mixed-method studies, with an emphasis on the qualitative data which offer an in-depth insight into how people make sense of climate change. The paper defines engagement as an individual's state, comprising three elements: cognitive, affective and behavioural. A number of common barriers emerge from the three studies, which operate broadly at ‘individual’ and ‘social’ levels. These major constraints to individual engagement with climate change have implications for achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gases in the UK. We argue that targeted and tailored information provision should be supported by wider structural change to enable citizens and communities to reduce their carbon dependency. Policy implications for effective engagement are discussed.  相似文献   

Quantitative antimony speciation in shooting-range soils by EXAFS spectroscopy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andreas C. Scheinost  Andre Rossberg  Irene Xifra  Ann-Kathrin Leuz  C. Annette Johnson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(13):3299-3312

The Sb speciation in soil samples from Swiss shooting ranges was determined using Sb K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and advanced statistical data analysis methods (iterative transformation factor analysis, ITFA). The XAS analysis was supported by a spectral data set of 13 Sb minerals and 4 sorption complexes. In spite of a high variability in geology, soil pH (3.1-7.5), Sb concentrations (1000-17,000 mg/kg) and shooting-range history, only two Sb species were identified. In the first species, Sb is surrounded solely by other Sb atoms at radial distances of 2.90, 3.35, 4.30 and 4.51 Å, indicative of metallic Sb(0). While part of this Sb(0) may be hosted by unweathered bullet fragments consisting of PbSb alloy, Pb L_III-edge XAS of the soil with the highest fraction (0.75) of Sb(0) showed no metallic Pb, but only Pb²⁺ bound to soil organic matter. This suggests a preferential oxidation of Pb in the alloy, driven by the higher standard reduction potential of Sb. In the second species, Sb is coordinated to 6 O-atoms at a distance of 1.98 Å, indicative of Sb(V). This oxidation state is further supported by an edge energy of 30,496-30,497 eV for the soil samples with <10% Sb(0). Iron atoms at radial distances of 3.10 and 3.56 Å from Sb atoms are in line with edge-sharing and bidentate corner-sharing linkages between Sb(O,OH)₆ and Fe(O,OH)₆ octahedra. While similar structural units exist in tripuhyite, the absence of Sb neighbors contradicts formation of this Fe antimonate. Hence the second species most likely consists of inner-sphere sorption complexes on Fe oxides, with edge and corner-sharing configuration occurring simultaneously. This pentavalent Sb species was present in all samples, suggesting that it is the prevailing species after weathering of metallic Sb(0) in oxic soils. No indication of Sb(III) was found.  相似文献   

Major ion geochemistry of groundwaters from southern Nevada and eastern California, USA     

周小平  KEVINH．JOHANNESSON 《中国地球化学学报》2000,19(1):1-22

The dissolved ionic constitutents of groundwaters are,in part,a recored of the minerals and rocks in aquifers through which the water has flowed.The chemical composition and association of these major ions in groundwaters have been used to trace groundwater flow paths and sources,In general,the chemical compostion of water in carbonate-rock aquifers in dominated by calcium,magnesium,and bicarbonate,whereas sodium,chloride,and sulfate can be dominant ions in the water that comes from volcanic aquifers or clay minerals.Since the 1990‘s,we have dealt with the geochemistry of groundwaters from more than 100 springs and wells in southern Nevada and eastrn california ,USA for major solutes and trace elements.This paper compiles the hydrochemical data of major ions of these groundwaters.Based on major ion geochemistry,groundwaters from southern Nevada and eastern California can be classified as carbonate aquifer water,volcanic aquifer water,and mixing water (either mixing of cabonate and volcanic aquifer waters or mixing with local recharges),Piper and stiff diagrams of major ions have graphically shown the general chemical characteristics,classification,and mixing relationships of groundwaters from southern Nevada and eastern California.  相似文献   

Defining drivers of nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N) of surface sediments in temperate lakes     

Morgan Botrel  Irene Gregory-Eaves  Roxane Maranger 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,52(4):419-433

The nitrogen stable isotopic signature (δ¹⁵N) of sediment is a powerful tool to understand eutrophication history, but its interpretation remains a challenge. In a large-scale comparative approach, we identified the most important drivers influencing surface sediments δ¹⁵N of 65 lakes from two regions of Canada using proxies that reflect watershed nitrogen (N) sources, internal lake microbial cycling and productivity. Across regions, we found that water column total nitrogen (TN),  %N in the sediments and lake morphometric variables were the best predictors of sedimentary δ¹⁵N, explaining 66 % of its variation. Significant relationships were also found between sediment δ¹⁵N and human-derived N load ( \( R_{{{\text{adj}} .}}^{2} \)  = 0.23, p < 0.001), the latter being a strong predictor of TN ( \( R_{{{\text{adj}} .}}^{2} \)  = 0.68, p < 0.001). Despite a relatively strong overall relationship, variation partitioning revealed an interesting difference in the dominant variable that influenced regional δ¹⁵N. Alberta lake sedimentary δ¹⁵N signature was dominated by human derived N load. In contrast, internal processing appeared to be more important in Quebec lakes, where sediment δ¹⁵N was best explained by  %N in the sediments and lake volume. Overall, our findings support the use of δ¹⁵N in paleolimnological investigations to reconstruct changing N sources to lakes but also highlight that regions may have distinctive drivers. Interpretations of sediment δ¹⁵N are likely to be strongest when multiple lines of evidence are employed and when placed in a regional context.  相似文献