Use of microelectrodes for electrochemical measurement of nitric oxide in natural seawater     

张正斌 邢磊蔡卫君  任春艳姜立庆 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2004,22(4):373-380

In this paper, the application of a homemade Nation and Co(Salen) modified platinum microelectrode and an ISO-NOPMC microsensor (World Precision Instruments, USA ) to measure nitric oxide in natural seawater is reported. These two microelectrodes are suitable for the measurement. In natural seawater, the sensitivity and stability of the ISO-NOPMC microsensor are higher than that of the homemade Nation and Co(Salen) modified platinum microelectrode.  相似文献   

Seasonal variation of carbon exchange of typical forest ecosystems along the eastern forest transect in China     

Zhang Leiming  Yu Guirui  Sun Xiaomin  Wen Xuefa  Ren Chuanyou  Song Xia  Liu Yunfen  Guan Dexin  Yan Junhua  Zhang Yiping 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(2):47-62

The long-term and continuous carbon fluxes of Changbaishan temperate mixed forest (CBS), Qianyanzhou subtropical evergreen coniferous forest (QYZ), Dinghushan subtropical evergreen mixed forest (DHS) and Xishuangbana tropical rainforest (XSBN) have been measured with eddy covariance techniques. In 2003, different responses of carbon exchange to the environment appeared across the four ecosystems. At CBS, the carbon exchange was mainly determined by radiation and temperature. 0°C and 10°C were two important temperature thresholds; the former determined the length of the growing season and the latter affected the magnitude of carbon exchange. The maximum net ecosystem exchange (N _EE) of CBS occurred in early summer because maximum ecosystem photosynthesis (G _PP) occurred earlier than maximum ecosystem respiration (R _e). During summer, QYZ experienced severe drought and N _EE decreased significantly mainly as a result of the depression of G _PP. At DHS and XSBN, N _EE was higher in the drought season than the wet season, especially the conversion between carbon sink and source occurring during the transition season at XSBN. During the wet season, increased fog and humid weather resulted from the plentiful rainfall, the ecosystem G _PP was dispressed. The Q ₁₀ and annual respiration of XSBN were the highest among the four ecosystems, while the average daily respiration of CBS during the growing season was the highest. Annual N _EE of CBS, QYZ, DHS and XSBN were 181.5, 360.9, 536.2 and ?320.0 g·C·m^?2·a^?1, respectively. From CBS to DHS, the temperature and precipitation increased with the decrease in latitude. The ratio of N _EE/R _e increased with latitude, while R _e/G _PP, ecosystem light use efficiency (L _UE), precipitation use efficiency and average daily G _PP decreased gradually. However, XSBN usually escaped such latitude trend probably because of the influence of the south-west monsoon climate which does not affect the other ecosystems. Long-term measurement and more research were necessary to understand the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change and to evaluate the ecosystem carbon balance due to the complexity of structure and function of forest ecosystems.  相似文献   

Observations and modelling of the travel time delay and leading negative phase of the 16 September 2015 Illapel,Chile tsunami     

Peitao Wang  Zhiyuan Ren  Lining Sun  Jingming Hou  Zongchen Wang  Ye Yuan  Fujiang Yu 《海洋学报(英文版)》2021,40(11):11-30

The systematic discrepancies in both tsunami arrival time and leading negative phase (LNP) were identified for the recent transoceanic tsunami on 16 September 2015 in Illapel, Chile by examining the wave characteristics from the tsunami records at 21 Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) sites and 29 coastal tide gauge stations. The results revealed systematic travel time delay of as much as 22 min (approximately 1.7％ of the total travel time) relative to the simulated long waves from the 2015 Chilean tsunami. The delay discrepancy was found to increase with travel time. It was difficult to identify the LNP from the near-shore observation system due to the strong background noise, but the initial negative phase feature became more obvious as the tsunami propagated away from the source area in the deep ocean. We determined that the LNP for the Chilean tsunami had an average duration of 33 min, which was close to the dominant period of the tsunami source. Most of the amplitude ratios to the first elevation phase were approximately 40％, with the largest equivalent to the first positive phase amplitude. We performed numerical analyses by applying the corrected long wave model, which accounted for the effects of seawater density stratification due to compressibility, self-attraction and loading (SAL) of the earth, and wave dispersion compared with observed tsunami waveforms. We attempted to accurately calculate the arrival time and LNP, and to understand how much of a role the physical mechanism played in the discrepancies for the moderate transoceanic tsunami event. The mainly focus of the study is to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each secondary physical effect to the systematic discrepancies using the corrected shallow water model. Taking all of these effects into consideration, our results demonstrated good agreement between the observed and simulated waveforms. We can conclude that the corrected shallow water model can reduce the tsunami propagation speed and reproduce the LNP, which is observed for tsunamis that have propagated over long distances frequently. The travel time delay between the observed and corrected simulated waveforms is reduced to <8 min and the amplitude discrepancy between them was also markedly diminished. The incorporated effects amounted to approximately 78％ of the travel time delay correction, with seawater density stratification, SAL, and Boussinesq dispersion contributing approximately 39％, 21％, and 18％, respectively. The simulated results showed that the elastic loading and Boussinesq dispersion not only affected travel time but also changed the simulated waveforms for this event. In contrast, the seawater stratification only reduced the tsunami speed, whereas the earth's elasticity loading was responsible for LNP due to the depression of the seafloor surrounding additional tsunami loading at far-field stations. This study revealed that the traditional shallow water model has inherent defects in estimating tsunami arrival, and the leading negative phase of a tsunami is a typical recognizable feature of a moderately strong transoceanic tsunami. These results also support previous theory and can help to explain the observed discrepancies.  相似文献   

GPS／GLoNASS组合定位的抗差Helmert方差分量估计模型     

高晓  戴吾蛟 《全球定位系统》2012,37(6):17-20,25

GPS和GLONASS存在系统差异,组合定位时,采用Helmert方差分量估计可得到更加准确的结果。但GNSS观测值常受到衍射信号和多路径效应的影响,使观测值存有粗差,从而导致Helmert方差分量估计的失真。为此,将抗差Helmert方差分量估计应用于GPS／GLONASS组合单点定位,实验结果表明：抗差Helmert方差分量估计可以有效地抑制组合系统粗差观测值的影响。  相似文献   

全国矿产资源规划信息数据库及管理系统的构建   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘臻  任效颖 《国土资源信息化》2012,(2):39-44

随着矿产规划管理信息的逐渐增多和矿政管理部门的需求不断提高,本文根据规划管理的业务需求以及第二轮的矿产资源规划标准,建立了全国矿产资源规划信息数据库管理系统。通过Oracle 10g建立矿产资源规划信息数据库,并通过ArcGIS Engine构建管理系统,实现了全国矿产资源规划信息的整合与共享,为矿产规划管理的科学化、精细化提供了依据。  相似文献   

电子签章技术在办公自动化系统中的应用     

肖伟  赵善仁  咸容禹  时泰卿 《国土资源信息化》2012,(3):55-58,41

电子签章技术是应用十分广泛的一种信息安全技术,其用来保证信息在传输过程中的真实性、完整性以及不可否认性。本文分析了办公自动化系统中存在的安全问题,在此基础上阐述了电子签章的概念、分类、实现原理以及其在办公自动化系统中应用的可行性和原则,并对系统的总体框架和功能进行了详细描述。  相似文献   

河南省境内淮河南北气候变化的小麦适应度比较   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

苏坤慧  延军平  白晶  张立伟  王晓喆  李建山  田青霞 《地理科学进展》2012,31(1):63-71

适应度是气候变化下适应性研究的关键环节,本文提出气候变化适应度的概念及其定量评价方法,并对淮河南北的小麦适应度进行比较分析。结果表明,目前河南省境内的南北气候分界线并非淮河干流区,而是由原位置北移约300 km处的最大支流地带,冬小麦的适应度空间变化大致围绕该分界线呈经向分布。淮河分界线以南地域适应度为62.57%,高于以北地域的56.81%,研究结果表明,欲达到河南农业可持续发展,距离完全适应仍有较大空间需要人为调控,且北部相比较南部其调控压力更大。在年际变化上,随着20世纪80年代气候的突变,各地小麦温度适应度骤增,水分适应度骤减,之后随着气候的日趋稳定,各气候要素的适应度不断上升,但在21世纪初上升速度下降,甚至有降低趋势,表明气候变暖的环境对小麦的负面影响日渐突出。  相似文献   

我国城乡居民消费差异对CO₂的影响分析     

肖周燕 《地域研究与开发》2012,31(4):138-141

采用相关年度数据,利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解技术,详细分析了我国城乡居民消费现状,并探究了我国城乡居民消费差异对CO2排放的影响。结果表明,我国城镇居民的消费结构已由生存型消费向发展享受型转变,但农村居民仍旧停留在以"吃穿用"为主的传统消费阶段,这使得城乡居民消费水平的提高对CO2排放存在巨大差异。据测算,城镇居民消费水平的提高对CO2排放的影响几乎是农村居民消费水平提高对其影响的10倍。鉴于此,我国实现节能减排的目标,不仅需要改变生产方式,更需要转变居民消费理念、调整消费结构、引导居民合理消费,使居民消费行为由高能耗消费向低能耗消费转变。  相似文献   

开垦对内蒙古温带草地土壤不同有机碳组分的影响(英文)   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

齐玉春  董云社  彭琴  肖胜生  何亚婷  刘欣超  孙良杰  贾军强  杨智杰 《地理学报(英文版)》2012,22(2):315-328

Cultivation is one of the most important human activities affecting the grassland ecosystem besides grazing, but its impacts on soil total organic carbon (C), especially on the liable organic C fractions have not been fully understood yet. In this paper, the role of cropping in soil organic C pool of different fractions was investigated in a meadow steppe region in Inner Mongolia of China, and the relationships between different C fractions were also discussed. The results indicated that the concentrations of different C fractions at steppe and cultivated land all decreased progressively with soil depth. After the conversion from steppe to spring wheat field for 36 years, total organic carbon (TOC) concentration at the 0 to 100 cm soil depth has decreased by 12.3% to 28.2%, and TOC of the surface soil horizon, especially those of 0-30 cm decreased more significantly (p<0.01). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) at the depth of 0-40 cm were found to have decreased by 66.7% to 77.1% and 36.5% to 42.4%, respectively. In the S.baicalensis steppe, the ratios of soil DOC to TOC varied between 0.52% and 0.60%, and those in the spring wheat field were only in the range of 0.18%-0.20%. The microbial quotients (qMBs) in the spring wheat field, varying from 1.11% to 1.40%, were also lower than those in the S. baicalensis steppe, which were in the range of 1.50%-1.63%. The change of DOC was much more sensitive to cultivation disturbance. Soil TOC, DOC, and MBC were significantly positive correlated with each other in the S. baicalensis steppe, but in the spring wheat field, the correlativity between DOC and TOC and that between DOC and MBC did not reach the significance level of 0.05.  相似文献   

基于耦合模型的中国能源生产与消费预测及其环境响应(英文)     

李强  任志远 《地理学报(英文版)》2012,22(1):93-109

The paper presents the prediction of total energy production and consumption in all provinces and autonomous regions as well as determination of the variation of gravity center of the energy production, consumption and total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue of China via the energy and environmental quality data from 1978 to 2009 in China by use of GM(1,1) model and gravity center model, based on which the paper also analyzes the dynamic variation in regional difference in energy production, consumption and environmental quality and their relationship. The results are shown as follows. 1) The gravity center of energy production is gradually moving southwestward and the entire movement track approxi-mates to linear variation, indicating that the difference of energy production between the east and west, south and north is narrowing to a certain extent, with the difference between the east and the west narrowing faster than that between the south and the north. 2) The gravity center of energy consumption is moving southwestward with perceptible fluctuation, of which the gravity center position from 2000 to 2005 was relatively stable, with slight annual position variation, indicating that the growth rates of all provinces and autonomous regions are basically the same. 3) The gravity center of the total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue is characterized by fluctuation in longitude and latitude to a certain degree. But, it shows a southwestward trend on the whole. 4) There are common ground and discrepancy in the variation track of the gravity center of the energy production & consumption of China, and the comparative analysis of the gravity center of them and that of total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue shows that the environmental quality level is closely associated with the energy production and consumption (especially the energy consumption), indicating that the environment cost in economy of energy is higher in China.  相似文献