The role of gender and age in fracture distribution following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake     

Ying Cao  Nabil Kamel 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(3):1357-1375

This study explored demographic variations among victims injured in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The study analyzed records of 2,148 patients who were hospitalized with earthquake-related injuries in 14 hospitals between May 12 and May 21 of 2008. We tested the effects of gender and age on the incidence of fractures and amputations. Although more women than men were hospitalized as earthquake victims, the results indicated that a higher incidence of pelvic fracture in women was the only statistically significant injury with regard to gender. Age had a more complex effect on the rate and pattern of fractures. Children younger than 15 years old were the most likely to sustain skull fractures and amputations. The elderly were the most likely to be associated with limb fractures. Adult men were the most likely to suffer spine fractures and adult women rib fractures. The paper concludes with an interpretation of the results in the context of China’s rural conditions and discusses implications for post-disaster emergency operations and planning.  相似文献   

Hydrologic and geologic factors controlling groundwater geochemistry in the Turonian aquifer (southern Tunisia)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Kamel Abid  Kamel Zouari  Marek Dulinski  Najiba Chkir  Brahim Abidi 《Hydrogeology Journal》2011,19(2):415-427

Water in the fissured limestone and dolomite of the Turonian aquifer of Tunisia has been investigated using geochemical (major ions) and isotopic (δ¹⁸O, δ²H, ¹⁴C) data. To carry out a characterization of aquifer behaviour, 48 representative samples were collected at the end of the humid season. The evolution of chemical composition of groundwater from recharge areas to discharge areas is characterized by increasing sodium, chloride and sulphate contents as a result of leaching of evaporite rock. In the study, three distinct chemical trends in groundwater were identified. The major reactions responsible for the chemical evolution of groundwater in the investigated area fall into three categories: (1) calcite precipitation, (2) gypsum and halite dissolution, and (3) ion exchange. The stable isotope composition of water samples indicates large-scale interaction between the Continental Intercalaire and the Turonian aquifer and the presence of a young local component which probably enters the system via faults and/or fractures.  相似文献   

Using geochemical indicators to investigate groundwater mixing and residence time in the aquifer system of Djeffara of Medenine (southeastern Tunisia)     

Kamel Zouari  Rim Trabelsi  Najiba Chkir 《Hydrogeology Journal》2011,19(1):209-219

Stable isotopes (??²H, ??¹⁸O and ??¹³C) and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) have been used in conjunction with chemical data to evaluate recharge mechanisms and groundwater residence time, and to identify inter-aquifer mixing in the Djeffara multi-aquifer in semi-arid southeastern Tunisia. The southern part of this basin, the Djeffara of Medenine aquifer system, is comprised of two main aquifers of Triassic and Miocene sandstone. The Triassic aquifer presents two compartments; the first one (west of the Medenine fault system) is unconfined with a well-defined isotope fingerprint; the second compartment is deeper and confined. Multi-tracer results show groundwater of different origins, ages and salinities, and that tectonic features control groundwater flows. Fresh and brackish groundwater from the unconfined part of the Triassic aquifer was mostly recharged during the Holocene. The recharge rates of this aquifer, inferred by ¹⁴C ages, are variable and could reach 3.5?mm/year. Brackish water of the deep confined part of the Triassic aquifer has stable isotope composition and ¹⁴C content that indicates earlier recharge during late Pleistocene cold periods. Brackish to saline water of the Miocene aquifer presents variable isotope composition. Groundwater flowing through the Medenine fault system is mainly feeding the Miocene aquifer rather than the deep confined part of the Triassic aquifer.  相似文献   

Investigation of groundwater mineralization in the Hammamet–Nabeul unconfined aquifer,north-eastern Tunisia: geochemical and isotopic approach     

Amor Ben Moussa  Sarra Bel Haj Salem  Kamel Zouari  Vincent Marc  Fayçal Jlassi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(6):1287-1300

Detailed hydrogeochemical and isotopic data of groundwaters from the Hammamet–Nabeul unconfined aquifer are used to provide a better understanding of the natural and anthropogenic processes that control the groundwater mineralization as well as the sources of different groundwater bodies. It has been demonstrated that groundwaters, which show Na–Cl and Ca–SO₄–Cl water facies, are mainly influenced by the dissolution of evaporates, the dedolomitization and the cation-exchange process; and supplementary by anthropogenic process in relation with return flow of irrigation waters. The isotopic signatures permit to classify the studied groundwaters into two different groups. Non-evaporated groundwaters that are characterized by depleted δ ¹⁸O and δ ²H contents highlighting the importance of modern recharge at higher altitude. Evaporated groundwaters with enriched contents reflecting the significance infiltration of return flow irrigation waters. Tritium data in the studied groundwaters lend support to the existence of pre-1950 and post-1960 recharge. Carbon-14 activities in shallow wells that provide evidence to the large contamination by organic ¹⁴C corroborate the recent origin of the groundwaters in the study area.  相似文献   

Use of Landsat 7 ETM+ for lithological and structural mapping of Wadi Afara Heouine area (Tahifet–Central Hoggar, Algeria)     

Kamel Amri  Yamina Mahdjoub  Lazhar Guergour 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,4(7-8):1273-1287

Wadi Afara Héouine area (Tahifet, Central Hoggar) is marked by the existence of very diversified lithologies affected by big submeridian accidents, of which Wadi Afara Héouine, who represents a "linear discontinuity" on near 80 km forming a morphological limit which separates, a strongly gneissic domain (Oua Hellèdjène) of a domain with metasedimentary dominant (Aghefsa). Lithologies not described in the former works were defined by the application of specific treatments (color composite, band ratios, and selective PCA). They also allow us to suggest some modifications to the geologic map of Tahifet. Directional filters associated to the previous treatments helped us in the elaboration of lineament map which accentuates the various accidents affecting the region. It seems clearly that treatments applied to the images ETM contribute in an undeniable way to the geologic study of this region especially since a big part of this region is inaccessible  相似文献   

Parallelism in seismic computing     

M. Kindelan  P. Sguazzero  A. Kamel 《Surveys in Geophysics》1989,10(2-4):377-388

This paper describes a vectorized and parallelized implementation of a two-dimensional pseudo-spectralseismic elastic model and of a (frequency-domain)seismic migration algorithm on the (tightly-coupled) vector multiprocessor IBM 3090 VF. Performance data of alternative parallel implementations on an LCAP (loosely coupled system of array processors FPS 164) are also given.The paper reports additionally performance data of a vector/parallel implementation on the IBM 3090 of some characteristicseismic velocity estimation algorithms. The three problems chosen are representative of a wide class of geophysical computations and the results summarized in this paper show their suitability to efficient implementation on the IBM 3090 vector multiprocessor: combined vector/parallel speedups in the range 15–30 are in fact observed.  相似文献   

Investigating the Effects of Local Contact Loss on the Earth Pressure Distribution on Rigid Pipes     

Sherif Kamel  Mohamed A. Meguid 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(1):199-212

In this paper, the earth pressure distribution acting on a buried pipe with localized support loss is investigated experimentally and numerically in this study. A laboratory setup has been designed to facilitate the simulation of the local wall separation and to track the changes in earth pressure at selected locations along the pipe circumference. Validated by the experimental results, two-dimensional finite element analysis has been conducted to examine the role of soil-pipe interaction on the pressure distribution around the pipe before and after the contact loss is introduced. Experimental and numerical results revealed that the presence of a gap between the pipe wall and the surrounding backfill can lead to significant changes in contact pressure and bending moment in the pipe wall in the immediate vicinity of the gap. This study suggests that efforts to detect and repair areas experiencing support loss should be made before significant changes in pressure develop causing stress concentration in the pipe wall as it may lead to pipe damage.  相似文献   

Hydrogeochemical processes affecting groundwater in an irrigated land in Central Tunisia   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3  

Intissar Farid  Rim Trabelsi  Kamel Zouari  Kamel Abid  Mohamed Ayachi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(5):1215-1231

Detailed hydrogeochemical investigation has provided new information concerning the major factors and mechanisms controlling the groundwater chemistry of Chougafiya basin. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwaters comprise three main types: Cl–SO₄–Ca, Cl–SO₄–Na and Cl–Na. Hydrochemical characteristics based on the bivariate diagrams of major (Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^?, HCO₃ ^?, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺) and some trace (Br^? and Sr²⁺) ions, mineral saturation indices and hierarchical cluster analysis indicate different origins of groundwater mineralization. The water–rock interaction (dissolution of evaporitic minerals), followed by cation exchange reactions with clay minerals, constitute the main processes that control groundwater salinization. However, the chemical composition of brackish groundwater in the central and southern parts of the study area is influenced by a mixing process with Sabkhas salt groundwater. The mixing proportions inferred from chloride mass balance prove that the contribution of Sabkhas groundwater to Quaternary aquifer ranges between 2.7 and 9.1 %. These intrusion rates reflect the progress of the saltwater–freshwater interface, which is mainly controlled by the piezometric level variation and the distance to the Sabkhas.  相似文献   

Marine Sr (Ca) input in Quaternary volcanic rock weathering profiles from the Mediterranean coast of Morocco: Sr isotopic approach     

Hamidi  Nahon  McKenzie  Michard  Colin  & Kamel 《地学学报》1999,11(4):157-161

Carbonate commonly accumulates in weathering profiles developed on noncalcareous parent material under arid and semiarid climatic conditions. Such weathering profile types are widespread in Morocco, making it critical to know the sources of the calcium in order to understand the genesis of carbonate-rich soils. In this study, we use ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr as a geochemical tracer of the Ca sources in weathering profiles developed on volcanic rocks (basalt, tuff, andesite and latite) in the Mediterranean coast of Morocco. The results show that the most of the Sr, and hence Ca, is of an external origin, derived from (i) sea-water for the profiles located near to the coast or (ii) sea-water plus Liassic carbonate outcropping in the catchment for the profiles more distant from the coastline. The contribution of the host rock is small, being less than 25%. The ratio of the Sr (Ca) from the parent material to that from the external sources is controlled by the degree of porosity developed in the profile.  相似文献   

Using PCA in evaluating event-controlling attributes of landsliding in the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region,NW Himalayas,Pakistan     

Muhammad Basharat  Abid Ali  Ishtiaq A. K. Jadoon  Joachim Rohn 《Natural Hazards》2016,81(3):1999-2017

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