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121.
Airborne very low frequency (VLF) data are routinely collected by national agencies and commercial companies together with
other passive geophysical measurements of the static magnetic field and radiometric data. The purpose of this paper is to
demonstrate that both standard three-component VLF and tensor VLF (TVLF) data contain a lot of useful quantitative and qualitative
information about the electrical conductivity distribution in the upper few hundred meters of the crystalline basement. We
first give a new derivation of the fundamental transfer functions (the tipper) used in the TVLF technique. We then show that
the tipper can be estimated from simultaneous measurements of the wave magnetic fields from at least two transmitters with
somewhat different frequencies, and present a simple model by which the maximum error introduced by the difference in frequencies
can be found. Single transmitter scalar VLF maps emphasise those conductive structures that have dominant strikes in the direction
of the transmitter. Multiple transmitter transfer functions are dependent only upon the underlying conductivity structure.
Two dimensional structures can be quantitatively modelled by modern inversion methods developed originally for deep electromagnetic
magnetotelluric (MT) soundings. In such cases three-component VLF measurements can be modelled easily upon appropriate rotation
of the co-ordinate system to “strike” co-ordinates. Single frequency transfer functions (tippers) have real and imaginary
parts that carry information on not only lateral contrasts in conductivity, as usually stated in text books, but, taken together,
they provide a robust tool for determining the background conductivity level away from distinct conductors, and they can also
be used to discriminate between deep and shallow conductors. Based upon simulations using multi-frequency data, it can be
concluded that such a new development would dramatically increase the resolving power of airborne VLF measurements. 相似文献
122.
Karsten Michael Hans G. Machel Stefan Bachu 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2003,80(2-3):193-219
Analysis of hydraulic heads and chemical compositions of Devonian formation waters in the west central part of the Alberta Basin, Canada, characterizes the origin of formation waters and migration of brines. The Devonian succession in the study area lies 2000–5000 m below the ground surface, and has an approximate total thickness of 1000 m and an average slope of 15 m/km. Four Devonian aquifers are present in the study area, which form two aquifer systems [i.e., a Middle–Upper Devonian aquifer system (MUDAS) consisting of the Elk Point and Woodbend–Beaverhill Lake aquifers, and an Upper Devonian aquifer system (UDAS) consisting of the Winterburn and Wabamun aquifers]. The Ireton is an effective aquitard between these two systems in the eastern parts of the study area. The entire Devonian succession is confined below by efficient aquitards of the underlying Cambrian shales and/or the Precambrian basement, and above by overlying Carboniferous shales of the Exshaw and Lower Banff Formations.The formation water chemistry shows that the Devonian succession contains two distinct brine types: a ‘heavy brine,’ located updip, defined approximately by TDS >200 g/l, and a ‘light brine’ with TDS <200 g/l. Hydraulic head distributions suggest that, presently, the ‘light brine’ attempts to flow updip, thereby pushing the ‘heavy brine’ ahead. The interface between the two brines is lobate and forms large-scale tongues that are due to channeled flow along high-permeability pathways. Geological and hydrogeochemical data suggest that the following processes determined the present composition of the ‘light’ and ‘heavy’ brines: original seawater, evaporation beyond gypsum but below halite saturation, dolomitization, clay dehydration, gypsum dewatering, thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), and halite dissolution. The influx of meteoric (from the south) and metamorphic (from the west) waters can be recognized only in the ‘light brine.’ Albitization can be unequivocally identified only in the ‘heavy brine.’ The ‘heavy brine’ may be residual Middle Devonian evaporitic brine from the Williston Basin or the Elk Point Basin, or it may have originated from partial dissolution of thick, laterally extensive Middle Devonian evaporite deposits to the east of the study area. The ‘light brine’ most probably originated from dilution of ‘heavy brine’ in post-Laramide times. 相似文献
123.
124.
125.
Recent theories of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) suggest that its lateral and vertical stratification is controlled by its baroclinic instability: eddies in the ACC not only feed-off the available potential energy stored in sloping isopycnals but play a central role is setting up that stratification. Simple theory makes predictions about how the depth of the thermocline in the ACC depends on the surface winds, the air–sea buoyancy flux and transfer by baroclinic eddies. By examining gridded hydrographic data, here we test some of these predictions against observations. We show that, to a remarkable degree, the buoyancy field in the ACC decays exponentially with depth beneath the mixed layer. The e-folding depth increases equatorward, from less than 500 m on the poleward flank of the ACC to greater then 1000 m on its equatorial flank, in a manner that is broadly consistent with the theory. 相似文献
126.
After 1990, external loads of Central European rivers with inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and organic material were reduced because of changed environmental laws. However, in the eutrophic lowland River Warnow, North-Eastern Germany, nitrate concentrations remained high with 35–185 μmol l−1 without a significant decrease since 1992. In contrast, phosphate concentrations, varying between 0.3 and 5.2 μmol l−1 during the growth season 2002, decreased significantly over the years. However, its concentrations still exceeded 1 μmol l−1 regularly in the growth seasons. This load led to a substantial accumulation of organic matter additional to high terrestrial inputs. Despite the high organic load, the remineralising bacteria were mainly inactive in River Warnow. Therefore, the composition of the dissolved organic material, especially its bioavailability, were investigated during the growth season 2002 and discussed with other potential controlling factors. River Warnow carried a high load of dissolved organic carbon (14 mg l−1), especially of humic substances (5.5 mg C l−1). Bacterial abundance (12×106 ml−1) as well as production (1.7 μg C l−1 h−1) depended on temperature. During late spring and summer at constantly higher temperatures, bacterial production correlated positively to readily utilisable substrates and to humic compounds. Thus, the bacterial community in River Warnow may be well adapted or contain enough species using the available amino acids and carbohydrates as well as humic matter compounds. However, calculated from protozoan biomass, grazing may control bacterial biomass and perhaps community composition profoundly, what lead to the low percentages of active bacteria. 相似文献
127.
Intercomparison and validation of snow albedo parameterization schemes in climate models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Snow albedo is known to be crucial for heat exchange at high latitudes and high altitudes, and is also an important parameter
in General Circulation Models (GCMs) because of its strong positive feedback properties. In this study, seven GCM snow albedo
schemes and a multiple linear regression model were intercompared and validated against 59 years of in situ data from Svalbard,
the French Alps and six stations in the former Soviet Union. For each site, the significant meteorological parameters for
modeling the snow albedo were identified by constructing the 95% confidence intervals. The significant parameters were found
to be: temperature, snow depth, positive degree day and a dummy of snow depth, and the multiple linear regression model was
constructed to include these. Overall, the intercomparison showed that the modeled snow albedo varied more than the observed
albedo for all models, and that the albedo was often underestimated. In addition, for several of the models, the snow albedo
decreased at a faster rate or by a greater magnitude during the winter snow metamorphosis than the observed albedo. Both the
temperature dependent schemes and the prognostic schemes showed shortcomings. 相似文献
128.
The deformation history of a monophase calcite marble shear zone complex on Thassos Island, Northern Greece, is reconstructed by detailed geometric studies of the textural and microstructural patterns relative to a fixed reference system (shear zone boundary, SZB). Strain localization within the massive marble complex is linked to decreasing P–T conditions during the exhumation process of the metamorphic core complex. Solvus thermometry indicates that temperatures of 300–350°C prevailed during part of the shear zone deformation history. The coarse-grained marble protolith outside the shear zone is characterized by symmetrically oriented twin sets due to early coaxial deformation. A component of heterogeneous non-coaxial deformation is first recorded within the adjacent protomylonite. Enhanced strain weakening by dynamic recrystallization promoted strong localization of plastic deformation in the ultramylonite of the calcite shear zone, where high strain was accommodated by non-coaxial flow. This study demonstrates that both a pure shear and a simple shear strain path can result in similar crystallographic preferred orientations (single c-axis maximum perpendicular to the SZB) by different dominant deformation mechanisms. Separated a-axis pole figures (+a- and −a-axis) show different density distributions with orthorhombic texture symmetry in the protolith marble and monoclinic symmetry in the ultramylonite marble consistently with the observed grain fabric symmetry. 相似文献
129.
N. Cotte H. A. Pedersen M. Campillo V. Farra Y. Cansi 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,142(3):825-840
Array analysis is performed on surface waves recorded in the French Alps using a small‐aperture (25 km) temporary array of six broad‐band stations. The analysis shows that both Rayleigh and Love waves deviate relative to the great‐circle path. The deviations are particularly strong, up to 30°, between 20 and 40 s period. To interpret these observations, we first study the effect of large‐scale structures using ray tracing in a smooth, laterally heterogeneous model of the Earth. Second, we evaluate the local effect by considering a model for the French Alps including strong lateral heterogeneities around the array that were not taken into account in the ray tracing. By combining these two possible causes of the observed deviations, we propose an explanation for the general trend in the observed deviations. Finally, we show that by taking into account azimuthal deviations, phase velocities measured at a regional scale can be significantly improved. 相似文献
130.
Hydrological models within inflow forecasting systems for high-alpine hydropower reservoirs can provide valuable information as part of a decision support system for the improvement of hydropower production or flood retention. The information, especially concerning runoff, is however rarely available for the calibration of the hydrological models used. Therefore, a method is presented to derive local runoff from secondary information for the calibration of the model parameters of the rainfallrunoff model COSERO. Changes in water levels in reservoirs, reservoir outflows, discharge measurements at water intakes and in transport lines are thereby used to derive the local, “natural” flow for a given sub-catchment. The proposed method is applied within a research study for the ÖBB Infrastructure Railsystem division in the Stubache catchment in the central Austrian Alps. Here, the ÖBB operates the hydropower scheme “Kraftwerksgruppe Stubachtal”, which consists of 7 reservoirs and 4 hydropower stations. The hydrological model has been set up considering this human influences and the high natural heterogeneity in topography and land cover, including glaciers. Overall, the hydrological model performs mostly well for the catchment with highest NSE values of 0.78 for the calibration and 0.79 for the validation period, also considering the use of homogeneous parameter fields and the uncertainty of the derived local discharge values. The derived runoff data proved to be useful information for the model calibration. Further analysis, examining the water balance and its components as well as snow cover, showed satisfactory simulation results. In conclusion, a unique runoff dataset for a small scale high-alpine catchment has been created to establish a hydrological flow prediction model which in a further step can be used for improved and sustainable hydropower management. 相似文献