排序方式： 共有81条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Mineralisation and structural changes during the initial phase of microbial degradation of pyrogenic plant residues in soil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
André Hilscher Katja Heister Christian Siewert Heike Knicker 《Organic Geochemistry》2009,40(3):332-342
The microbial recalcitrance of char accumulated after vegetation fires was studied using pyrogenic organic material (PyOM) with increasing degrees of charring, produced from rye grass (Lolium perenne) and pine wood (Pinus sylvestris) at 350 °C under oxic conditions. Solid state 13C and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed increasing aromaticity and the formation of heterocyclic N with prolonged charring. After mixing with a mineral soil, the PyOM was aerobically incubated for 48 days at 30 °C. To account for the input of fresh litter after a fire event, unburnt rye grass residue was added as a co-substrate. The grass-derived PyOM showed the greatest extent of C mineralisation. After 48 days incubation, up to 3.2% of the organic C (OC) was converted to CO2. More severe thermal alteration resulted in a decrease in the total C mineralisation to 2.5% of OC. In the pine-derived PyOM, only 0.7% and 0.5% of the initial C were mineralised. The co-substrate additions did not enhance PyOM mineralisation during initial degradation. 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis indicated structural changes during microbial degradation of the PyOM. Concomitant with a decrease in O-alkyl/alkyl-C, carboxyl/carbonyl C content increased, pointing to oxidation. Only the strongly thermally altered pine PyOM showed a reduction in aromaticity. The small C losses during the experiment indicated conversion of aryl C into other C groups. As revealed by the increase in carboxyl/carbonyl C, this conversion must have included the opening and partial oxidation of aromatic ring structures. Our study demonstrates that plant PyOM can be microbially attacked and mineralised at rates comparable to those for soil organic matter (SOM), so its role as a highly refractory SOM constituent may need re-evaluation. 相似文献
42.
Aroclor 1254, a technical PCB mixture (polychlorinated biphenyls) and TBT (tributyltinchloride) are environmental pollutants that cause a broad spectrum of acute toxic and chronic effects in aquatic animals. In this paper, the sensitivity of Daphnia magna to chronic exposure to mixed xenobiotics was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The results show that xenobiotic mixtures (50 % each of the single compounds) were more toxic than individual xenobiotics alone. By measuring behavioral parameters of animals, it becomes evident that exposure to single xenobiotics significantly affects daphnids: exposure led finally to a rapid decrease in mean swimming activity and also caused changes in preferred swimming depth, with daphnids preferring the upper layers of aquaria. The mixture altered the swimming behavior even more strongly compared to the group stressed by single chemicals. Finally, all daphnids sank to the bottom of the aquaria, still alive, but inactive at the end of the exposure period. In addition, we investigated the reproductive capacity (number of newborn per female and day). PCB did not affect the number of newborn significantly, TBT‐stress led to an evidently decreased number of young daphnids and the xenobiotic mixture decreased reproduction even more. In conclusion, we found significant effects of the single compounds as well as approximately additive (swimming behavior) and synergistic (reproduction) effects of the chemical mixture on daphnids indicating the possibility of dramatic ecological consequences of the occurrence of mixed xenobiotic substances in the aquatic environment. 相似文献
43.
Katja Deckart Gilbert F raud Herv Bertrand 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1997,150(3-4):205-220
A detailed 40Ar/39Ar study, of mineral separates from the Jurassic Atlantic Continental Tholeiites (JACT) of Guyana (French Guyana and Surinam, South America), and Guinea (West Africa) related to the initial opening of the Central Atlantic, has been carried out. In French Guyana, plateau ages of 196.0 ± 5.7 Ma and 196.1 ± 7.5 Ma were obtained on single, small amphibole grains from NNW—SSE trending dykes. In Guinea, single biotite grains from intrusive formations from the Kakoulima and Fouta Djalon areas yielded plateau ages of 200.4 ± 0.2 Ma and 194.8 ± 0.5 Ma, concordant with high temperature apparent ages on other biotites. The bulk plagioclase samples display disturbed age spectra due to alteration and excess argon. However, intermediate temperature, weighted mean plagioclase ages are similar in both regions of Guyana and Guinea, ranging from 200.2 ± 2.4 Ma to 188.7 ± 1.9 Ma, partly in agreement with the amphibole and biotite data.
These data, combined with previous 40Ar/39Ar and U/Pb results from the northern part of the Central Atlantic margins, indicate intense magmatic activity distributed over a large area from Iberia to Liberia (ca. 4500 km long) for a short period of time (204-195 Ma, perhaps less for the bulk of the magmatism) during the initial break-up of Pangea continent. These data do not support an initiation of the magmatism from a radial volcano-tectonic system centred in the south of the region, as suggested by May [1], and the initial break-up seems to affect the whole Central Atlantic during a period of 9 Ma. 相似文献
44.
45.
Future extreme events in European climate: an exploration of regional climate model projections 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Martin Beniston David B. Stephenson Ole B. Christensen Christopher A. T. Ferro Christoph Frei Stéphane Goyette Kirsten Halsnaes Tom Holt Kirsti Jylhä Brigitte Koffi Jean Palutikof Regina Schöll Tido Semmler Katja Woth 《Climatic change》2007,81(1):71-83
This paper compares how well satellite versus weather station measurements of climate predict agricultural performance in
Brazil, India, and the United States. Although weather stations give accurate measures of ground conditions, they entail sporadic
observations that require interpolation where observations are missing. In contrast, satellites have trouble measuring some
ground phenomenon such as precipitation but they provide complete spatial coverage of various parameters over a landscape.
The satellite temperature measurements slightly outperform the interpolated ground station data but the precipitation ground
measurements generally outperform the satellite surface wetness index. In India, the surface wetness index outperforms station
precipitation but this may be reflecting irrigation, not climate. The results suggest that satellites provide promising measures
of temperature but that ground station data may still be preferred for measuring precipitation in rural settings. 相似文献
46.
47.
Michael E. Böttcher Nadja Neubert Peter Escher Katja von Allmen Elias Samankassou Thomas F. Nägler 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2018,78(2):241-247
Carbonates formed from hyperalkaline aqueous solutions at the Earth?s surface are known to bear the most extreme disequilibrium isotope signatures reported so far in nature. We present here the results for stable carbon (C), oxygen (O), and barium (Ba) isotope fractionation during the precipitation of witherite (BaCO3) induced by the chemical absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) into an aqueous hyper-alkaline solution (at 4° and 21?°C; 1?atm total pressure). Independent from temperature, the barium carbonate formation was associated with a substantial enrichment of the lighter C and O isotopes in the solid compared to the atmosphere (C, O), close to previous results found in experiments and nature. A new approach is introduced to explain oxygen isotope fractionation upon hydroxylation of CO2. With Ba isotope enrichment factors between ?0.45 and ?0.53‰ (138/134ε) or ?0.34 and ?0.40‰ (137/134ε), respectively, the synthesized BaCO3 displays the highest kinetic enrichment of the light Ba isotope in the carbonate solid reported so far. 相似文献
48.
Identifying Environmental and Natural Resource Management Conflict Potential Using Participatory Mapping 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Methods have been proposed for identifying land use conflict potential using participatory mapping data and models. In a case study from Finland, we extend conflict mapping research by evaluating the capacity for participatory mapping to identify conflict for land uses that include mining, tourism development, commercial forestry, recreation, and nature protection. We evaluated two conflict models using reference sites where conflict was expected and assessed whether conflict potential was influenced by participant social group (resident, visitor, holiday home owner). The conflict models correctly identified the locations of current and proposed mining projects and major tourism locations (ski areas) in the region, while conflict for commercial forestry and reindeer herding was spatially distributed. Preferences for land use by social group were more similar than different across the study region. Identification of conflict potential using participatory mapping can provide a useful planning diagnostic but would benefit from additional research for validation. 相似文献
49.
Stephan A. Klapp Gerhard Bohrmann Werner F. Kuhs M. Mangir Murshed Thomas Pape Helmut Klein Kirsten S. Techmer Katja U. Heeschen Friedrich Abegg 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2010
Gas hydrate samples from various locations in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) differ considerably in their microstructure. Distinct microstructure characteristics coincide with discrete crystallographic structures, gas compositions and calculated thermodynamic stabilities. 相似文献