Upwelling history of the Mediterranean Sea revealed by stunted growth in the planktic foraminifera Orbulina universa (early Messinian,Crete, Greece)     

T. C. Brachert  A. Bornemann  M. Reuter  S. J. Galer  K. I. Grimm  C. Fassoulas 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2015,104(1):263-276

  相似文献   

Erosion‐initiated stromatolite and thrombolite formation in a present‐day coastal sabkha setting     

Andreas Paul  Stephen W. Lokier  Angela Sherry  Luiza Lessa Andrade  Wesley M. Court  Cees van der Land  Kirsten E. Dutton  Ian M. Head 《Sedimentology》2021,68(1):382-401

  相似文献   

Demersal fishing disturbance increases predation risk for whelks (Buccinum undatum L.)     

Kirsten Ramsay  Michel J. Kaiser 《Journal of Sea Research》1998,39(3-4)

Field observations by divers indicated that a high rate of predation of whelks (Buccinum undatum) by starfish (Asterias rubens) occurred in an area disturbed by scallop dredging, although these whelks mostly appeared to be alive and externally undamaged. The ability of whelks to escape from starfish was tested in the laboratory after they were dropped or rolled to simulate direct physical contact with bottom fishing gear. Dropping whelks did not significantly affect their escape behaviour, but whelks which had been rolled took significantly longer to right themselves and were significantly less likely to perform an escape response than whelks that had not experienced this treatment. This study suggests that demersal fishing may indirectly increase whelk mortality by increasing their risk of predation.  相似文献   

A bridge over troubled waters? Systems theory and dialogue in geography     

Heike Egner  Kirsten von Elverfeldt 《Area》2009,41(3):319-328

In physical geography, systems are seen as a unity of parts and relationships, whereas human geographers using a second-order sociological systems approach define systems in terms of the difference between system and environment. Starting from this, dialogue between physical and human geographers using terms derived from systems theory is mostly in vain. This article explores some of the consequences that follow for dialogue in geography: the differences in defining systems, in the understanding of processes, the problem of system borders, the inconsistent understanding of the 'environment' itself as well as the different epistemology that comes with it (or leads to it). The article tries to bring systems theory back into geography with the decisive aim of enhancing the potentials for interaction between human and physical geographers and, therefore, to explore the possibility of connecting the social with the physical world – deviating from systems theory.  相似文献   

Production of Drinking Water from Highly Contaminated Surface Waters: Removal of Organic,Inorganic, and Microbial Contaminants Applying Mobile Membrane Filtration Units     

Thomas Heberer  Dirk Feldmann  Kirsten Reddersen  Hans‐Juergen Altmann  Thomas Zimmermann 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2002,30(1):24-33

In military out of area missions of the Bundeswehr, it can be necessary to produce drinking water even from highly polluted surface waters containing a variety of organic, inorganic, and microbiological contaminants. Thus, mobile drinking water purification systems must be able to remove such contaminants as far as possible to meet the requirements of the German and European drinking water regulation/directive. Presently, two novel drinking water purification units applying membrane filtration undergo intensive long‐term trials carried out by the Bundeswehr. If these trials positively proof the functionality of these units and their ability to remove all possible contaminants they shall substitute so far available devices which use large amounts of chemicals and charcoal filtration for water purification.In the course of a research project, the functionality of the new devices and their efficacy to remove high amounts of algae, microbes, and organic and inorganic pollutants are additionally tested in “worst‐case” field studies. In September 2000, the first mobile drinking water purification unit was tested at the Teltowkanal in Berlin, Germany.This canal was chosen because it carries high burdens of municipal sewage effluents. The results from the fatigue test confirmed the ability of the water purification unit to reduce the concentrations of all contaminants meeting the maximum tolerance levels set by the German/European drinking water regulation.The pre‐filtration device was very effective in removing algae and solid particles to protect the membranes from clogging and to enable an almost maintenance‐free operation. Residues of pharmaceuticals and some other organic contaminants have almost totally been removed from the surface water where they were detected at individual concentrations up to the μg/L‐level.  相似文献   

Microstructures of structure I and II gas hydrates from the Gulf of Mexico     

Stephan A. Klapp  Gerhard Bohrmann  Werner F. Kuhs  M. Mangir Murshed  Thomas Pape  Helmut Klein  Kirsten S. Techmer  Katja U. Heeschen  Friedrich Abegg 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2010

Gas hydrate samples from various locations in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) differ considerably in their microstructure. Distinct microstructure characteristics coincide with discrete crystallographic structures, gas compositions and calculated thermodynamic stabilities.  相似文献   

A time-domain electromagnetic sounder for detection and characterization of groundwater on Mars     

Robert E. Grimm  Barry Berdanier  James Harrer  James Pfeiffer 《Planetary and Space Science》2009,57(11):1268-1281

A prototype time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) sounder was developed to technical readiness level (TRL) 5 to detect and characterize deep groundwater on Mars. The TDEM method induces eddy currents in the subsurface by abrupt extinction of a steady current in a large, flat-lying loop antenna, and the subsurface response is measured using the same loop or a separate receiver. TDEM has been widely used in terrestrial groundwater exploration and is ideally suited to sense the high electrical conductivity associated with saline groundwater expected on Mars. The inductive regime of TDEM is distinct from ground-penetrating radar: the latter has higher resolution but smaller depth of investigation. Our Mars-prototype TDEM was tested in the laboratory and at a local field site before the principal test was performed on Maui, Hawaii. This location was chosen because of its analogy to Mars in electrical properties: dry, resistive basalt over saline pore water. Results compared favorably to soundings made with a commercial TDEM, clearly detecting the seawater interface at depths of 250 m. We subsequently developed a ballistic deployment system for the loop antenna suitable for robotic missions. Compressed gas launches two projectiles; each consists of two spools on a guide stick. Payout on one spool is back towards the launcher and on the other toward its twin on the other projectile. In this way a triangular loop antenna is formed. The full system was tested twice, successfully achieving a distance of ∼70 m in both. A system capable of deploying a 200 m loop antenna on Mars would have mass <6 kg (including 0.3 kg electronics) and within one sol could detect groundwater at depths up to 5 km. TDEM can probe to depths not possible for radar and answer the question: does groundwater - and a likely subsurface habitable zone - exist on Mars?  相似文献   

Thermal constraints on the early history of the H-chondrite parent body reconsidered     

Keith P. Harrison  Robert E. Grimm 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(18):5410-5423

Reconstructions of the early thermal history of the H-chondrite parent body have focused on two competing hypotheses. The first posits an undisturbed thermal evolution in which the degree of metamorphism increases with depth, yielding an “onion-shell” structure. The second posits an early fragmentation-reassembly event that interrupted this orderly cooling process. Here, we test these hypotheses by collecting a large number of previously published closure age and cooling rate data and comparing them to a suite of numerical models of thermal evolution in an idealized parent body. We find that the onion-shell hypothesis, when applied to a parent body of radius 75-130 km with a thermally insulating regolith, is able to explain 20 of the 21 closure age data and 62 of the 71 cooling rates. Furthermore, six of the eight meteorites for which multiple data (at different temperatures) are available, can be accounted for by onion-shell thermal histories. We therefore conclude that no catastrophic disruption of the H-chondrite parent body occurred during its early thermal history. The relatively small number of data not explained by the onion-shell hypothesis may indicate the formation of impact craters on the parent body which, while large enough to excavate all petrologic types, were small enough to leave the parent body largely intact. Impact events fulfilling these requirements would likely have produced transient crater diameters at least 30% of the parent body diameter.  相似文献   

A high-resolution record of climate variability and landscape response from Kettle Lake,northern Great Plains,North America     

Eric C. Grimm  Joseph J. Donovan  Kendrick J. Brown 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(19-20):2626-2650

A decadal-scale multiproxy record of minerals, pollen, and charcoal from Kettle Lake, North Dakota provides a high-resolution record of climate and vegetation change spanning the entire Holocene from the northern Great Plains (NGP) in North America. The chronology is established by over 50 AMS radiocarbon dates. This record exhibits millennial-scale trends evident in other lower-resolution studies, but with much more detail on short-term climate variability and on the rapidity and timing of major climatic shifts. As a proxy for precipitation, we utilize the rate of endogenic carbonate sedimentation, which depends on groundwater inflow, which in turn depends on precipitation. Independent cluster analyses of mineral and pollen data reveal major Holocene mode shifts at 10.73 ka (ka = cal yr BP), 9.25 ka, and 4.44 ka.The early Holocene, 11.7–9.25 ka, was generally wet, with perhaps a trend to higher evaporation associated with warming temperatures. A switch from calcite to aragonite deposition associated with a severe, but brief drought occurred at 10.73 ka. From 10.73 ka to 9.25 ka, climate was generally humid but punctuated at 100–300 yr intervals by brief droughts, including the most severe drought of the entire Holocene at 9.25 ka. This event was coeval with the 9.3–9.2 ka event in the Greenland ice cores and observed at a number of sites worldwide. In contrast, the prominent 8.2 ka event in Greenland is not remarkable at Kettle Lake. The prominence of the 9.25 event locally in the NGP may be due to a major drawdown and northward retreat of Lake Agassiz at this time, reducing its mesoclimatic effect on the NGP and thrusting the region into an insolation controlled regime.The mid-Holocene, 9.25–4.44 ka, was characterized by great variability in moisture on a multi-decadal scale, with severe droughts alternating with more humid periods. The high abundance of the weedy but drought intolerant Ambrosia generally during the mid-Holocene and specifically during the multi-decadal drought periods is seemingly paradoxical, but can be explained by high interannual variability of moisture overlaid on the multi-decadal variability.The late Holocene, 4.44 ka–present, was also characterized by multi-decadal variability in moisture, but was generally wetter than the mid-Holocene and the magnitude of variability was less. The trends in wet-dry mineral, pollen, and charcoal proxies were similar to the mid-Holocene, but late Holocene mineral-pollen assemblages are distinct from mid-Holocene. The shift to wetter climate in the late Holocene was more gradual than the abrupt shift to arid conditions 9.25 ka, which may explain the asymmetric retreat and readvance of forest along the eastern margin of the NGP.Precipitation variations in the NGP have been linked with Pacific and Atlantic sea-surface temperatures, and mid-Holocene drought in the NGP has been linked with sustained La Niña-like conditions in the Pacific. These linkages may explain the decadal- and millennial-scale variations seen in the NGP, but cause of the prominent century-scale variations remains elusive.  相似文献   

Geomorphology and vegetation drive hydrochemistry changes in two Northeast Greenland streams     

Ada Pastor  Louis J. Skovsholt  Kirsten S. Christoffersen  Naicheng Wu  Tenna Riis 《水文研究》2021,35(10):e14369

Climate change is causing drastic landscape changes in the Arctic, but how these changes modify stream biogeochemistry is not clear yet. We examined how catchment properties influence stream nitrogen (N) and dissolved organic carbon concentrations (DOC) in a high-Arctic environment. We sampled two contrasting headwater streams (10–15 stations over 4.8 and 6.8 km, respectively) in Northeast Greenland (74°N). We characterized the geomorphology (i.e., bedrock, solifluction and alluvial types) and the vegetation (i.e., barren, fell field, grassland and tundra types) cover of each subcatchment area draining into each sampling station and collected water samples for hydrochemistry characterization. The two sampled streams differed in geomorphology and vegetation cover in the catchment. Aucellaelv catchment was mostly covered by a ‘bedrock’ geomorphology (71%) and ‘fellfield’ vegetation (51%), whereas Kæerelv was mostly covered by ‘alluvial’ geomorphology (65%) and ‘grassland’ and ‘tundra’ vegetation (42% and 41% respectively). Hydrochemistry also differed between the two study streams, with higher concentrations of inorganic N forms in Aucellaelv and lower DOC concentrations, compared to Kærelv. The results from the linear mixed model selection showed that vegetation and geomorphology had contrasting effects on stream hydrochemistry. Subcatchments with higher solifluction sheets and limited vegetation had higher nitrate concentrations but lower DOC concentrations. Interestingly, we also found high variability on the production and removal of nitrate across subcatchments. These results indicate landscape controls to nutrient and organic matter exports via flow paths, soil organic matter stocks and nutrient retention via terrestrial vegetation. Moreover, the results suggest that climate change induced alterations to vegetation cover and soil physical disturbance in high-Arctic catchments will affect stream hydrochemistry, with potential effects in stream productivity, trophic relations as well as change of solute export to downstream coastal areas.  相似文献