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11.
Raman spectra of γ-Mg2SiO4 taken to 200 kbar were used to calculate entropy and heat capacity at various P-T conditions. These new thermodynamic data on γ-MgSiO4, similar data on MgSiO3 perovskite (pv), previous data on β-MgSiO4 and MgO (mw), and previous volumetric data of all phases were used to calculate the phase boundaries in the Mg2SiO4 phase diagram. Our resulting slope for the β→γ transition (50±4 bar K-1) is in excellent agreement with recent multi-anvil studies. The slopes for the β→pv+MgO and γ→pv+MgO are-7±3 and -25±4 bar K-1, respectively, and are consistent with our CO2 laser heated diamond anvil studies. These slopes result in a β-γ-MgO+pv triple point at approximately 229 kbar and 2260 K for the iron free system. 相似文献
12.
Effect of agricultural land use on the chemistry of groundwater from basaltic aquifers, Jeju Island, South Korea 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dong-Chan Koh Kyung-Seok Ko Yongje Kim Seung-Gu Lee Ho-Wan Chang 《Hydrogeology Journal》2007,15(4):727-743
Geochemical processes were identified as controlling factors of groundwater chemistry, including chemical weathering, salinization from seawater and dry sea-salt deposition, nitrate contamination, and rainfall recharge. These geochemical processes were identified using principal component analysis of major element chemistry of groundwater from basaltic aquifers in Jeju Island, South Korea, a volcanic island with intense agricultural activities. The contribution of the geochemical processes to groundwater chemistry was quantified by a simple mass-balance approach. The geochemical effects due to seawater were considered based on Cl contributions, whereas the effects due to natural chemical weathering were based on alkalinity. Nitrogenous fertilizers, and especially the associated nitrification processes, appear to significantly affect groundwater chemistry. A strong correlation was observed between Na, Mg, Ca, SO4 and Cl, and nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Correspondingly, the total major cations, Cl, and SO4 in groundwater were assessed to estimate relative effect of N-fertilizer use on groundwater chemistry. Cl originates more from nitrate sources than from seawater, whereas SO4 originates mostly from rainwater. N-fertilizer use has shown the greatest effect on groundwater chemistry, particularly when nitrate concentrations exceed 6–7 mg/L NO3–N. Nitrate contamination significantly affects groundwater quality and 18% of groundwater samples have contamination-dominated chemistry. 相似文献
13.
Kosmochlor (NaCrSi2O6) was synthesized by the flux method from melts along the join Na2O·2 SiO2-Na2O·Cr2O3·4 SiO2 at 1000° C in air, and isolated by dissolving the glassy matrix with hydrofluoric and perchloric acids. The join CaMgSi2O6-NaCrSi2O6 was studied at 1 atmosphere in air by the quenching technique at temperatures between 900° and 1450° C, using mixtures of kosmochlor and diopside crystals or diopside glass as starting materials. The phases are diopside solid solution, kosmochlor, spinel (Mg-chromite), eskolaite (Cr2O3) and glass. The maximum solubility of kosmochlor in diopside is 24 wt percent at 1140° C, while diopside is not soluble at all in kosmochlor, resulting in the existence of a wide range of immiscibility. Petrologic significance of the results is discussed. 相似文献
14.
Zusammenfassung Es wird ein einfaches Modell des zykolnalen Wirbels vorgeschlagen und die Beziehung zwischen seiner Intensität, der Form der Stromlinien und der Deformation der frontalen Grenzoberfläche in seiner Nähe diskutiert. Die Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, die Kriterien der sogenannten dynamischen Klassifikation der aus den meteorologischen Satelliten photographierten Bewölkung zu finden. 相似文献
15.
Zusammenfassung Es wird der Einfluss des sogenannten Vorticity-Zentrums auf die Grenzfläche zweier Luftmassen der mittleren geographischen Breiten studiert. Zwecks Aufklärung der Rolle des Bewegungs- und Druckfeldes in diesem Prozesse wurde ein einfaches Modell konstruiert und numerisch gelöst. Die sich entwickelnde frontale Welle kann beziehungsweise als ein Anfangswert beim Lösen der mit der Stabilität der Wellen verbundenen Probleme mittels der Gleichungen, linearisiert durch die Methode der kleinen Störungen, dienen. Bei der Konstruktion des Modells wird ausser anderem von der Geometrie der Bewölkung ausgegangen, wie sie auf den Aufnahmen der meteorologischen Satelliten erfasst ist. 相似文献
16.
Trace Metal Solid State Speciation in Aerosols of the Northern Levantine Basin,East Mediterranean 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Mustafa Koçak Nilgun Kubilay Barak Herut Malcolm Nimmo 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,56(3):239-257
An established three stage sequential leach scheme was applied to a series of selected high volume aerosol samples (n = 35) collected from the Turkish Eastern Mediterranean coastline (Erdemli). Samples were selected according to their air
mass back trajectory history to reflect the contrasting mixtures of aerosol material present in the Eastern Mediterranean
marine aerosol. Two populations were adopted, those samples which were classed as “anthropogenic” and those which were “Saharan”
dominated aerosol populations. Applying the three stage leach it was possible to define the proportion for each of the considered
metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn) present in the (a) “exchangeable” (b) “carbonate / oxide” and (c) “refractory” phases,
representing novel solid state aerosol speciation data for this marine system. Clear trends were established, conforming with
data from previous studies with mainly crustal derived metals (Al and Fe) being present in the refractory phases (Al > 88%;
Fe > 84%) and those influenced by anthropogenic sources being dominating in the exchangeable phase, although for these metals
the variability was comparatively high (12–64%; 19–85%; 40–100% for Zn, Pb and Cd, respectively). For the majority, greater
exchangeable fractions were present the lower the crustal source contribution to the aerosol population, whereas the “refractory”
fraction exhibited contrasting behaviour. This was illustrated by the novel application of the mixing diagram, presenting
each of the three speciation stages against the corresponding percent anthropogenic contribution to each collected sample.
Zn, Pb and Cd all illustrated progressive decrease in the percent exchangeable with increasing crustal contribution to the
aerosol population. The percent exchangeable was discussed in terms of its use to represent the upper limit of the bioavailable
fraction of metal associated with the aerosol, post deposition. The mixing diagram approach enabled the prediction of the
residual fractions for Cd, Pb and Zn (41 ± 4%; 62 ± 4% and 82 ± 5%, respectively,) in Saharan end-member material. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents the development and utilisation of an automated image processing algorithm for detection and analysis
of grains. Using optical polarising microscopy, a set of colored images are collected from an area on a thin section. A filtering
operation, using rotation of a morphological alternating sequence filter (based on a structuring element), is used to remove
twinning features within individual grains. Filtering is followed by the watershed segmentation technique to determine grain
boundaries. The method is used for the identification of calcite grains in marble and the subsequent analysis of morphological
anisotropy. 相似文献
18.
SummaryVariability and Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties of the Pittsburgh Coal Seam Results of an experimental program to determine the vertical variation of material stiffness and strength of an important coal seam are presented, with the aim of providing information for realistic modeling for purposes of analysis. The seam is divided into four zones, and data from each are evaluated statistically. It is concluded that this seam contains two zones with measurably different properties, which, however, are small compared to the observed scatter of data.
With 10 Figures 相似文献
ZusammenfassungStreubereich und Anisotropie der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Pittsburgher Kohleflözes Es werden Ergebnisse eines Versuchsprogramms zur Bestimmung der senkrechten Veränderung der Steifheit und Festigkeit des Materials in einem wichtigen amerikanischen Kohlenflöz präsentiert, um Unterlagen für realistische Modellbildung zum Zwecke der Spannungsberechnung zu liefern. Der Flöz ist in vier Zonen unterteilt, deren Daten statistisch untersucht wurden. Es ergab sich, daß dieser Flöz zwei Zonen mit meßbar unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften enthält; diese Unterschiede sind aber klein im Vergleich zur Streuung der einzelnen Daten.
RésuméVariabilité et anisotropie des propriétés mécaniques du banc de charbon de Pittsburgh On a analysé, par échantillons, la variabilité de la résistance et du module d'un banc de charbon épais, avec la profondeur. Le but de l'étude est d'obtenir des valeurs réalistes qui puissent être utilisées dans une analyse par méthodes numériques. Le banc est divisé en quatre zones, et les résultats sont analysés de façon statistique, séparément pour chaque zone. On a conclut que ce banc contient deux zones dont les propriétés mécaniques diffèrent. Cependant ces différences ne dépassent pas l'ordre de grandeur des écarts dans les observations sur chaque zone.
With 10 Figures 相似文献
19.
Summary The theory of secondary vorticity is used to explain the essence of so-called secondary or upper vorticity centres, discovered on satellite photographs. The general equation of vorticity, which is then adjusted by means of the equations of state and motion, is transformed into a specially selected intrinsic co-ordinate system. Three-component equations of vorticity are discussed for cases important meteorologically. The conclusion could be drawn that the secondary vorticity centres may be identified with centres of so-called secondary vorticity and that the theoretical facts about their origin and occurrence may be used, together with satellite photographs, to improve weather forecasts. 相似文献
20.
The behaviour of tetrahedrally coordinated and octahedrally coordinated Cr3+ ions in diopside is discussed from the study on the join CaMg-Si2O6-CaCrCrSiO6. The molecule CaCrCrSiO6 decomposes into uvarovite+eskolaite and its maximum solubility in diopside is 6.7 wt percent at 940 ° C. Crystalline phases are diopside ss (ss is abbreviation of solid solution), uvarovite ss, wollastonite ss, spinel and eskolaite. The diopside ss is blue in colour. Its optical spectra were measured in the wavelenght range of 325–2600 nm, and assigned after tetrahedral configuration Td and octahedral configuration Oh. It is estimated that octahedral Cr3+ ions are in high spin state, while tetrahedral Cr3+ ions may be probably in low spin state. The t and B are 10,300–10,370 cm–1 and 429–432 cm–1. The CFSE for tetrahedral low spin Cr3+ ions is nearly the same as that for octahedral high spin Cr3+ ions. The ionic radii of tetrahedral low spin Cr3+ ions calculated are 0.47–0.53 Å, shrinked from the radius of octahedral high spin Cr3+ ion (0.615 Å) as much as 14–24 percent. Petrologic implications of the result are also discussed.The first half of the D. Sc. dissertation of K. Ikeda presented to Hokkaido University in June, 1976 相似文献