Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis     

P. J. Bartlein  S. P. Harrison  S. Brewer  S. Connor  B. A. S. Davis  K. Gajewski  J. Guiot  T. I. Harrison-Prentice  A. Henderson  O. Peyron  I. C. Prentice  M. Scholze  H. Seppä  B. Shuman  S. Sugita  R. S. Thompson  A. E. Viau  J. Williams  H. Wu 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(3-4):775-802

Subfossil pollen and plant macrofossil data derived from ¹⁴C-dated sediment profiles can provide quantitative information on glacial and interglacial climates. The data allow climate variables related to growing-season warmth, winter cold, and plant-available moisture to be reconstructed. Continental-scale reconstructions have been made for the mid-Holocene (MH, around 6 ka) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, around 21 ka), allowing comparison with palaeoclimate simulations currently being carried out as part of the fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The synthesis of the available MH and LGM climate reconstructions and their uncertainties, obtained using modern-analogue, regression and model-inversion techniques, is presented for four temperature variables and two moisture variables. Reconstructions of the same variables based on surface-pollen assemblages are shown to be accurate and unbiased. Reconstructed LGM and MH climate anomaly patterns are coherent, consistent between variables, and robust with respect to the choice of technique. They support a conceptual model of the controls of Late Quaternary climate change whereby the first-order effects of orbital variations and greenhouse forcing on the seasonal cycle of temperature are predictably modified by responses of the atmospheric circulation and surface energy balance.  相似文献   

A spatially explicit degree-day model of Rift Valley fever transmission risk in the continental United States     

Sarah K. Konrad  Scott N. Miller  Will K. Reeves 《GeoJournal》2011,76(3):257-266

A spatially explicit degree-day model was used to evaluate the risk of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) transmission by mosquitoes to humans and livestock within five target states in the continental United States: California, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, and Texas. A geographic information system was used to model potential virus transmission based on a 12-day moving window assessment of the extrinsic incubation period theorized for RVFV in the United States. Risk of potential virus transmission in each state was spatially evaluated on a 10-km grid using average historical daily temperature data from 1994 to 2003. The highest levels of transmission risk occur in California and Texas, with parts of these states at risk of RVFV transmission for up to 8 months per year. Northern Minnesota, central New York, and most of coastal and high-elevation California are at low to null risk. Risk of impact to the livestock industry is greatest in California, Texas, and Nebraska. A standard global climate model was used to evaluate future risk in the year 2030 in Nebraska, and showed an increase of transmission risk days from approximately 3 to 4 months per year.  相似文献   

Impact of atmospheric parameters on the atmospheric Cherenkov technique     

Konrad Bernlhr 《Astroparticle Physics》2000,12(4):255-268

Atmospheric density profiles as well as several light absorption and scattering processes depend on geographic position and are generally time-variable. Their impact on the atmospheric Cherenkov technique in general (imaging or non-imaging) is investigated. Different density profiles lead to differences in Cherenkov light density of up to 60%. Seasonal variations at mid-latitude sites are of the order of 15–20%. The quest for improved energy calibration of Cherenkov experiments also shows the need for improved transmission calculations, taking all relevant processes into account and using realistic profiles of absorbers. Simulations including the scattering mechanisms also reveal the relevance of Rayleigh and Mie scattering for atmospheric Cherenkov experiments. Refraction and the differences between treating the atmosphere in plane-parallel or spherical geometry are also investigated.  相似文献   

Coupled Reactive Transport Modeling of Redox Processes in a Nitrate-Polluted Sandy Aquifer     

Konrad Miotliński 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2008,14(2):117-131

The reactive transport modeling of a complicated suite of reactions apparent in the aquifer during the application of N-containing fertilizers is reported. The unconfined sandy aquifer can be subdivided into an oxic zone which contains groundwater with oxygen and nitrate and an anoxic zone characterized by elevated iron and sulfate concentrations in groundwater. Oxygen and nitrate are being reduced by pyrite and organic matter that commonly apparent in the aquifer. The oxidation of pyrite is modeled using the local equilibrium approach, whereas decomposition of organic matter, with the adoption of kinetic approach. The system is buffered by dissolution of aluminum and iron oxides. The modeling process is a two-step procedure. First, the processes are modeled in the one-dimensional (1D) column using PHREEQC code. Subsequently, the calibrated and verified data were copied and used in two-dimensional (2D) PHAST model. Prior to the performance of reactive transport modeling operations with PHAST, a reliable flow model was executed. Finally, predictions are made for the distribution of water chemistry for the year 2008. Model predicts that sulfate derived from the ongoing pyrite oxidation is reduced by the dissolved organic carbon at the higher depth and forms pyrite by the reaction with iron. The results of this study highlight the importance of understanding the interplay between the transport and chemical reactions that occur during the input of nitrate to the aquifer. Reactive transport modeling incorporating the use of a newly developed code PHAST have proved to be a powerful tool for analyzing and quantifying such interactions.  相似文献   

New insights into the crustal structure of the North German Basin from reprocessing of seismic reflection data using the Common Reflection Surface stack   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mi-Kyung Yoon  Mikhail Baykulov  Stefan Dümmong  Heinz-Jürgen Brink  Dirk Gajewski 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(5):887-898

The influence of deep crustal processes on basin formation and evolution and its relation to current morphology is not well understood yet. A key feature to unravel these issues is a detailed seismic image of the crust. A part of the data recorded by the hydrocarbon industry in the late 1970s and 1980s in the North German Basin were released to the public recently. The seismic reflection data were recorded down to 15 s two-way travel time. The mean Common Midpoint fold of about 20 is relatively low compared to contemporary seismic acquisitions. The processing of the 1980s focussed on the sedimentary structures to explore the hydrocarbon potential of this area. We applied the Common Reflection Surface stack technique to the data sets, which is well suited for low-fold data. The reprocessing was focussed on the imaging of the subsedimentary crustal range. The reprocessed images show enhanced reflections, especially in the mid and lower crustal part. Also, the image of the salt structures in the graben area was improved. Furthermore, the reprocessed images indicate an almost flat Moho topography in the area of the Glückstadt Graben and an additional lower crustal structure, which can be correlated with a high-density body found in recent gravity modeling studies.  相似文献   

Book review     

S. J. Gibowicz  Jeremy Bloxham  Petr Vaniček  Gerardo G. Tango  Gerardo G. Tango  Lev Truskinovsky  Konrad Bajer  Krzysztof Haman 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1991,135(3):493-512

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X-ray computed microtomography—a useful tool for petrophysical properties determination     

Jadwiga A. Jarzyna  Paulina I. Krakowska  Edyta Puskarczyk  Kamila Wawrzyniak-Guz  Jakub Bielecki  Konrad Tkocz  Jacek Tarasiuk  Sebastian Wroński  Marek Dohnalik 《Computational Geosciences》2016,20(5):1155-1167

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Sub-regional snow cover distribution across the southern Appalachian Mountains     

Johnathan W. Sugg  Christopher M. Fuhrmann  L. Baker Perry  Dorothy K. Hall  Charles E. Konrad II 《自然地理学》2017,38(2):105-123

Abstract

Snowfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountain region of the eastern US is characterized by much spatiotemporal variability. Annual snowfall totals vary by up to 75 cm, and variations in snowfall intensity can lead to large differences in the local snowfall distribution. Research has shown that the synoptic pattern associated with the snowfall strongly influences the regional-scale distribution of snow cover. However, topographic variability results in locally complex snow cover patterns that are not well understood or documented. In this study, we characterize the snow covered area (SCA) and fractional snow cover associated with different synoptic patterns in 14 individual sub-regions. We analyze 63 snow events using Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer standard snow cover products to ascertain both qualitative and quantitative differences in snow cover across sub-regions. Among sub-regions, there is significant variation in the snow cover pattern from individual synoptic classes. Furthermore, the percent SCA follows the regional snowfall climatology, and sub-regions with the highest elevations and northerly latitudes exhibit the greatest variability. Results of the sub-regional analysis provide valuable guidance to forecasters by contributing a deeper understanding of local snow cover patterns and their relationship to synoptic-scale circulation features.  相似文献   

Bücher- und Zeitschriftenschau     

Bubnoff  Konrad Richter  Wilckens 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1933,24(1-2):122-124

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Ergebnisse und Aussichten der Gefügeforschung im pommerschen Diluvium     

Konrad Richter 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1936,27(2):196-206

Zusammenfassung Die Bewegungsrichtungen der diluvialen, nordischen Inlandeismassen können mit ihren Veränderungen des Nachschubes auf Grund ihres Geschiebeinventars in. Norddeutschland festgestellt werden. Derartige Eisstromstriche im großen stehen mit den lokalen Lagerungsverhältnissen diluvialer Schichtpakete des Jungmoränengebietes sehr oft im Widerspruch. Besonders ist das im küstennahen Gebiet Norddeutschlands der Fall. Selten sind genügend große Aufschlüsse vorhanden, die aus der Art der Schichtenlagerung die bis 90^° betragenden Abweichungen von der normalen Bewegungsrichtung des Inlandeises erkennen lassen. Es wird daher das Kleingefüge der Geschiebemergel zum Erkennen dieser Abweichungen benutzt. Im allgemeinen wurden die Geschiebe im Eis als Stromlinienkörper bewegt, so daß für Pommern eine Karte beigegeben ist, die eine Glazialschrammenkarte ersetzt. Sie läßt die stärkeren lokalen Schwankungen im küstennahen Gebiet deutlich erkennen. Weitere Einregelungsstudien in fluvioglazialen Sedimenten führten besonders bei Osern zur Möglichkeit, ehemalige Stromrichtungen und -stärken festzustellen. Als Darstellungsmethode werden Gefügediagramme empfohlen, wie sieSander, Rüger u. a. vorwiegend bei Schmelztektoniten benutzten. Die Urstromtäler und großen radialen Rinnen in Norddeutschland bergen noch Probleme, die voraussichtlich mit Einregelungsstudien zu lösen sind.  相似文献