Mantle fragments in the Scandinavian caledonides     

Kurt Bucher-Nurminen 《Tectonophysics》1991,190(2-4):173-192

Mantle fragments of ultramafic composition are widespread in the Scandinavian Caledonides (SC). Lenses and boudins of Alpine-type peridotites in the Scandinavian Caledonides represent parts of dismembered ophiolite sequences and fragments of sub-continental upper mantle. Metaperidotites of nappes in internal positions are generally isofacial with the metamorphic envelope, usually Caledonian metasediments but in places also Precambrian metagranitoids forming the basement cores of the nappes. Caledonian metamorphism strongly modified the texture and mineralogy of the peridotites and resulted in a systematic metamorphic pattern which is consistent with the pattern observed in the envelope.

Metaperidotites of the external massifs display at least a two-stage metamorphic history: an early Caledonian high-pressure high-temperature phase related to early crustal stacking and a late Caledonian regional metamorphic overprint which produced a regular Barrovian-type metamorphic pattern of in-situ metamorphism.

Metaperidotites from nappes in intermediate positions (Iapetus Ocean ophiolites and ultramafic rocks from island arc environments) show strongly diverging histories. Metaperidotites from internal ophiolites (oceanic ophiolites, Köli) lack any evidence of subduction metamorphism, are serpentinized to various degrees, show abundant primary mantle relic mineralogies and the Caledonian metamorphic overprint is low. Metaperidotites from external (island arc) ophiolites and other associations (Seve) often show relic high-pressure metamorphism related to the Finnmarkian phase of the Caledonian orogeny. The Seve metaperidotites are occasionally associated with eclogites and show a weak overprint of late Caledonian regional metamorphism. Alpine-type peridotites are absent in the foreland of the Baltic Shield and in the innermost nappes (Lofoten).

The metamorphic characteristics and evolution recorded by the metaperidotites in the Scandinavian Caledonides allow a general reconstruction of the dynamics of collision belt formation.  相似文献   

Geologische Vorgänge in den Alpen ab Obereozän im Spiegel vor allem der deutschen Molasse     

Prof. Dr. Kurt Lemcke 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1984,73(1):371-397

Zusammenfassung Die vorquartäre Geschichte des Molassebeckens nördlich der Alpen läßt sich in 3 Großabschnitte unterteilen, in deren Ablauf sich umrißhaft die jeweils zugehörigen Entwicklungsstadien des aufsteigenden Gebirges widerspiegeln, die bisweilen umgekehrt auch von Ereignissen im Vorland beeinflußt werden. Der 1. Abschnitt (Obereozän bis Aquitan/ Ober-Eger) ist von der in den Westalpen beginnenden Hebung sowie von Bewegungen der savischen Dislokationsphase geprägt, in besonderem Maße ferner an der Rupel/ChattGrenze von der größten Meeresspiegelsenkung seit dem Kambrium. Im 2. Abschnitt (Burdigal/Eggenburg bis Unterpannon) verlagert sich die Hebungsaktivität zu den Ostalpen, womit im Vorland die große, E-W gerichtete Flußschüttung der Oberen Süßwassermolasse ausgelöst wird. In ihr verursacht die gewaltige Erderschütterung des Riesmeteoriten-Einschlags im höheren Baden vermutlich die Flußverlegung der Enns, eines ihrer beiden Hauptzubringer, zum Grazer Becken und damit eine sich u. a. im Schwermineralbestand (als A-Grenze) abzeichnende Änderung der Materialzufuhr aus dem Gebirge. Im 3. Abschnitt (Unterpannon bis Pliozän) geht infolge weiteren Aufsteigens der Alpen samt Vorland bei gleichzeitiger Verlagerung des Hebungszentrums wieder zur Westschweiz die bisherige Akkumulation in Denudation über, die von dem sich nun von Niederösterreich aus ins Molassebecken hineinfressenden Donausystem besorgt wird.Die während des 2. Großabschnitts von der Auflast der vorrückenden kalkalpinen Dekken aus ihrem Ablagerungsraum herausgequetschte ältere Molasse ist zu den alpenparallelen Mulden des gefalteten Bereichs zusammengeschoben, mit einer wohl erst im 3. Abschnitt entstandenen Achsendepression zwischen Iller und Mangfall. In diesen Zeitraum vor allem fällt auch die Verformung der jüngeren ungefalteten Molasse zu einer alpenparallelen Großmulde, deren Achse nach SW und E aushebt.

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The pre-Quaternary history of the Molasse basin north of the Alps can be subdivided into three major phases, in the course of which the respective associated evolutional stages of the rising mountains are reflected in outline. On the other hand, these stages are occasionally also influenced by events in the foreland. The first phase (Upper Eocene to Aquitanian/Upper Egerian) ist characterized by the uplifting beginning in the Western Alps and movements of the Savic dislocation phase, and in particular also at the Rupelian/Chattian boundary by the greatest eustatic lowering of the sea level since the Cambrian period. During the second phase (Burdigalian/Eggenburgian to Lower Pannonian) the uplifting shifts to the Eastern Alps, bringing about in the foreland the large E-W directed fluvial accretion of the Upper Fresh-water-Molasse. During its progress the enormous earth-tremor of the Ries meteoric impact in the upper Badenian presumably leads to the diversion of the Enns river, being one of the two main tributaries, to the Graz basin, resulting in a change in the material supply from the mountains, which is reflected in the heavy mineral content (designated as A-boundary). In the third phase (Lower Pannonian to Pliocene) the previous accumulation, as a result of the continuing uplifting of the Alps and the foreland with simultaneous shifting of the uplift centre back to Western Switzerland, turns to denudation which is effected by the Danube system extending from Lower Austria into the Molasse basin.The older Molasse squeezed out of its deposition area by the overburden of the advancing Austroalpine nappes has been compressed to the throughs of the folded zone along the Alps, with an axis depression between the rivers Iller and Mangfall, which has presumably not developed until the third phase. Above all, during this period the deformation of the younger unfolded Molasse to a large trough paralleling the Alps also took place; its axis rises to the SW and E.

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Résumé L'histoire préquaternaire du bassin molassique au nord des Alpes peut se diviser en trois périodes principales dont le déroulement reflète à grands traits les phases de développement corrélatives de la chaîne en voie de soulèvement. D'autre part, ces phases de développement sont de temps en temps influencées par des événements intervenus dans le bassin. La première période (Eocène supérieur à Aquitanien/Egerien supérieur) est marquée par le soulèvement commençant dans les Alpes occidentales, ainsi que par des mouvements de la phase de dislocation savique et, en particulier à la limite du Rupélien/Chattien, par le plus grand abaissement eustatique du niveau de la mer depuis le Cambrien. Pendant la seconde période (Burdigalien/Eggenburgien à Pannonien inférieur) l'activité de soulèvement se déplace vers les Alpes orientales, provoquant dans le bassin préalpin la grande accrétion fluviale de la Süßwassermolasse (Molasse d'eau douce) supérieure dirigée de l'est vers l'ouest. Le violent ébranlement terrestre produit dans celle-ci par l'impact de la météorite dans le Ries pendant le Badénien supérieur mène probablement le détournement de l'Enns, l'un des deux fleuves tributaires principaux, vers le bassin de Graz, donnant lieu à un changement dans le transport de matériaux venant des montagnes, ce qui se reflète dans la teneur en minerais lourds (dénommé « limite A »). Pendant la troisième période (Pannonien inférieur à Pliocène), l'accumulation antérieure, par suite du soulèvement continu des Alpes et du bassin préalpin, accompagné de la retraite du centre du soulèvement vers la Suisse occidentale, tourne à la dénudation qui est effectuée par le système danubien s'étendant dès lors de la Basse-Autriche au bassin molassique.La Molasse plus ancienne expulsée pendant la seconde période principale de son milieu de sedimentation par la pression des nappes austroalpines susjacentes en progression a été comprimée en auges de la zone pliée le long des Alpes, avec un abaissement axial entre l'Iller et le Mangfall, qui ne s'est probablement formé que dans la troisième période. Dans cette période surtout intervient la déformation de la Molasse plus récente non plissée qui prend la forme d'une grande auge parallèle aux Alpes, dont l'axe s'élève vers le sud-ouest et l'est.

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Herrn Dr. Dr. h. c. Artur Roll (Tübingen) gewidmet

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Nach einem Vortrag auf der 73. Jahrestagung der Geologischen Vereinigung in Berchtesgaden am 25. Februar 1983.  相似文献   

Impact glasses from Zhamanshin crater (U.S.S.R.): chemical composition and discussion of origin     

Christian Koeber  Kurt Fredriksson 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1986,78(1)

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Results of a semi-implicit two-step method for the simulation of markedly nonlinear flow in coastal seas   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kurt C. Duwe  Regina R. Hewer  Jan O. Backhaus 《Continental Shelf Research》1982,2(4):255-274

Results of a numerical method for the simulation of nonlinear flow in coastal seas are presented. The method is based on a neutral semi-implicit scheme which is modified into a stability-enhancing two-step algorithm. By means of this method the simulation of highly nonlinear flow patterns is possible in a stable and economic way. Three examples of models of different North Sea coastal regions are discussed under certain aspects to demonstrate the reliability of the method.  相似文献   

Surface study of HF- and $\text{HF}\text{H}{}_2\text{SO}{}_4\text{-}\text{treated}$ feldspar using Auger electron spectroscopy     

Dale L. Perry  Leon Tsao  Kenneth A. Gaugler 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1983,47(7):1289-1291

Auger electron spectroscopy has been used to study K-feldspar that has been reacted with both aqueous 10% HF and a 50% mixture of a 10% HF/0.1 N H₂SO₄ solution. In the feldspar/HF system, the resulting feldspar surface was shown to have been fluorinated; depth profiling, using argon ion sputtering, showed the fluorination to have occurred substantially into the mineral bulk. In the feldspar/ $\text{HF}\text{H}{}_2\text{SO}{}_4$ system, the resulting surface contained both fluorine and sulfur. The fluorination had again penetrated into the bulk, but the sulfur could be removed with mild argon ion sputtering. The $\text{Al}\text{F}$ signal ratio was much lower on the feldspar surface treated with the 10% HF/0.1 N H₂SO₄ solution than the feldspar surface treated with the weaker 10% HF acid solution.  相似文献   

Hydraulic properties of the crystalline basement   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Ingrid Stober  Kurt Bucher 《Hydrogeology Journal》2007,15(2):213-224

Hydraulic tests in boreholes, up to 4.5 km deep, drilled into continental crystalline basement revealed hydraulic conductivity (K) values that range over nine log-units from 10⁻¹³−10⁻⁴ m s⁻¹. However, K values for fractured basement to about 1 km depth are typically restricted to the range from 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁶ m s⁻¹. New data from an extended injection test at the KTB research site (part of the Continental Deep Drilling Program in Germany) at 4 km depth provide K=5 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. The summarized K-data show a very strong dependence on lithology and on the local deformation history of a particular area. In highly fractured regions, granite tends to be more pervious than gneiss. The fracture porosity is generally saturated with Na–Cl or Ca–Na–Cl type waters with salinities ranging from <1 to >100 g L⁻¹. The basement permeability is well within the conditions for advective fluid and heat transport. Consequently, fluid pressure is hydrostatic and a Darcy flow mechanism is possible to a great depth. Topography-related hydraulic gradients in moderately conductive basement may result in characteristic advective flow rates of up to 100 L a⁻¹ m⁻² and lead to significant advective heat and solute transfer in the upper brittle crust. An erratum to this article can be found at  相似文献   

Compaction localization in the Earth and the laboratory: state of the research and research directions   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

David Holcomb  John W. Rudnicki  Kathleen A. Issen  Kurt Sternlof 《Acta Geotechnica》2007,2(1):1-15

Localized compaction in porous rocks is a recently recognized phenomenon that has been shown to reduce permeability dramatically. Consequently, the phenomenon is relevant to a variety of technologies involving fluid injection or withdrawal. This article summarizes current understanding of localized compaction and impediments to further progress. The article is based on discussions at a small workshop on localized compaction sponsored by the Office of Science, U. S. Department of Energy.  相似文献   

Corrigendum to “Global ice volumes at the Last Glacial Maximum and early Lateglacial” [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 181 (2000) 513–527]     

Kurt Lambeck  Yusuke Yokoyama  Paul Johnston  Anthony Purcell 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2001,190(3-4):275

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Microbial–silica interactions in Icelandic hot spring sinter: possible analogues for some Precambrian siliceous stromatolites     

Kurt O. Konhauser  Vernon R. Phoenix  Simon H. Bottrell  David G. Adams  & Ian M. Head 《Sedimentology》2001,48(2):415-433

Silicified deposits, such as sinters, occur in several modern geothermal environments, but the mechanisms of silicification (and crucially the role of microorganisms in their construction) are still largely unresolved. Detailed examination of siliceous sinter, in particular sections of microstromatolites growing at the Krisuvik hot spring, Iceland, reveals that biomineralization contributes a major component to the overall structure, with approximately half the sinter thickness attributed to silicified microorganisms. Almost all microorganisms observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) are mineralized, with epicellular silica ranging in thickness from < 5 μm coatings on individual cells, to regions where entire colonies are cemented together in an amorphous silica matrix tens of micrometres thick. Within the overall profile, there appears to be two very distinct types of laminae that alternate repeatedly throughout the microstromatolite: ‘microbial’ layers are predominantly consisting of filamentous, intact, vertically aligned, biomineralized cyanobacteria, identified as Calothrix and Fischerella sp.; and weakly laminated silica layers which appear to be devoid of any microbial component. The microbial layers commonly have a sharply defined base, overlying the weakly laminated silica, and a gradational upper surface merging into the weakly laminated silica. These cyclic laminations are probably explained by variations in microbial activity. Active growth during spring/summer allows the microorganisms to keep pace with silicification, with the cell surfaces facilitating silicification, while during their natural slow growth phase in the dark autumn/winter months silicification exceeds the bacteria’s ability to compensate (i.e. grow upwards). At this stage, the microbial colony is probably not essential to microstromatolite formation, with silicification presumably occurring abiogenically. When conditions once again become favourable for growth, recolonization of the solid silica surface by free‐living bacteria occurs: cell motility is not responsible for the laminations. We have also observed that microbial populations within the microstromatolite, some several mm in depth, appear viable, i.e. they still have their pigmentation, the trichomes are not collapsed, cell walls are unbroken, cytoplasm is still present and they proved culturable. This suggests that the bulk of silicification occurred rapidly, probably while the cells were still alive. Surprisingly, however, measurements of light transmittance through sections of the microstromatolite revealed that photosynthetically active light (PAL) only transmitted through the uppermost 2 mm. Therefore the ‘deeper’ microbial populations must have either: (i) altered their metabolic pathways; (ii) become metabolically inactive; or (iii) the deeper populations may be dominated by different microbial assemblages from that of the surface. From these collective observations, it now seems unequivocal that microstromatolite formation is intimately linked to microbial activity and that the sinter fabric results from a combination of biomineralization, cell growth and recolonization. Furthermore, the similarities in morphology and microbial component to some Precambrian stromatolites, preserved in primary chert, suggests that we may be witnessing contemporaneous biomineralization processes and growth patterns analogous to those of the early Earth.  相似文献   

Tectonics and sedimentation in the Fohnsdorf-Seckau Basin (Miocene, Austria): from a pull-apart basin to a half-graben     

Philipp Strauss  Michael Wagreich  Kurt Decker  Reinhard F. Sachsenhofer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2001,90(3):549-559

The Miocene intramontane Fohnsdorf-Seckau Basin is situated at the junction of the sinistral Mur-Mürz-fault system and the dextral Pöls-Lavanttal fault system. The basin comprises a 2,400-m-thick coal-bearing fluviodeltaic-lacustrine succession (Lower to Middle Miocene, Upper Karpatian?/Lower Badenian) which is overlain by a 1,000-m-thick alluvio-deltaic conglomeratic succession (Apfelberg Formation, ?Middle/Upper Badenian) in the south. A three-stage model for the basin evolution has been reconstructed from structural analysis and basin fill geometries. During a first pull-apart phase, subsidence occurred along ENE-trending, sinistral strike-slip faults of the Mur-Mürz fault system and NE-SW to N-S-trending normal faults, forming a composite pull-apart basin between overstepping en-echelon strike-slip faults. The Seckau and Fohnsdorf sub-basins are considered as two adjacent pull-aparts which merged into one basin. During the second phase, N-S to NNW-SSE extension and normal faulting along the southern basin margin fault formed a half-graben, filled by wedge-shaped alluvial strata (Apfelberg Formation). During the third phase, after the end of basin sedimentation, the dextral Pöls-Lavanttal fault system reshaped the western basin margin into a positive flower structure.  相似文献