The behavior of Mg, Fe, and Ni during the replacement of olivine by orthopyroxene: experiments relevant to mantle metasomatism     

Ralf Milke  Rainer Abart  Lukas Keller  Dieter Rhede 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,103(1-4):1-8

Replacement of olivine by orthopyroxene is a frequently observed phenomenon in mantle metasomatism. In order to study element redistribution in SiO₂ metasomatism we synthesised orthopyroxene reaction rims at the contacts between forsterite-rich olivine and quartz. The orthopyroxene rims grew from the original quartz-olivine interface into both directions implying counterdiffusion of iron/magnesium and silicon. Following local equilibrium partitioning the X_Fe is lower in the orthopyroxene than in the reactant olivine at the olivine-orthopyroxene replacement front. The resulting local iron excess is compensated by formation of orthopyroxene with a higher X_Fe at the quartz-orthopyroxene interface, which is out of equilibrium with the reactant olivine. This is facilitated through short circuit diffusion along grain boundaries within the orthopyroxene rim. Due to the low capacity of orthopyroxene to accommodate Ni, this component is forced to diffuse back into the olivine producing a Ni enriched zone ahead of the replacement front. This leads to Ni contents in the orthopyroxene rim, which are higher than what is expected in equilibrium with the unaltered olivine. Taking quartz as a proxy for a silica rich fluid or liquid metasomatising agent, we conclude that the overall element fractionation between olivine and the silica rich phase may deviate from equilibrium partitioning so that the Fe and Ni concentrations in the orthopyroxene which is in contact with quartz are higher than in equilibrium with the reactant olivine. This indicates that kinetic fractionation is important for the chemical evolution of both the mantle rocks and the metasomatising agents.  相似文献   

Growth mechanism of snowball garnets from the Lukmanier Pass area (Central Alps,Switzerland): a combined μCT/EPMA/EBSD study     

Martin Robyr  Pierre Vonlanthen  Lukas P. Baumgartner  Bernard Grobety 《地学学报》2007,19(4):240-244

For two decades, considerable efforts have been made to explain the formation of snowball garnets by either the rotational or non‐rotational models. On the basis of morphological, chemical and crystallographic evidence, this paper presents new data on snowball garnets showing that the formation of these microstructures can be explained by the combination of the two previously proposed mechanisms operating consecutively during garnet growth. The crystallization sequence of garnet revealed by Mn contouring and the distribution of crystallographic orientations within the spiral indicate that the final stages of garnet growth are controlled by post‐kinematic crystallization. However, some microstructural arguments plead for a rotational contribution during the first stages of growth. In this view, the overall spiral geometry is thought to overestimate the true amount of rotation experienced by the garnets. Results also reveal the existence of complex snowball garnets consisting of several grains formed from distinct nucleation sites.  相似文献   

Hydrothermal alteration in the core of the Yaxcopoil‐1 borehole,Chicxulub impact structure,Mexico     

Lukas ZüRCHER  David A. KRING 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2004,39(7):1199-1221

Abstract Petrographic, electron microprobe, and Raman spectrometric analyses of Yaxcopoil‐1 core samples from the Chicxulub crater indicate that the impact generated a hydrothermal system. Relative textural and vein crosscutting relations and systematic distribution of alteration products reveal a progression of the hydrothermal event in space and time and provide constraints on the nature of the fluids. The earliest calcite, halite, and gaylussite suggest that the impactite sequence was initially permeated by a low temperature saline brine. Subsequent development of a higher temperature hydrothermal regime is indicated by thermal metamorphic diopside‐hedenbergite (Aeg₃Fs_18‐33En_32‐11Wo_47‐53) after primary augite and widespread Na‐K for Ca metasomatic alkali exchange in plagioclase. Hydrothermal sphene, apatite, magnetite + (bornite), as well as early calcite (combined 3 to 8 vol%) were introduced with metasomatic feldspar. A lower temperature regime characterized by smectite after probable primary glass, secondary chlorite, and other pre‐existing mafic minerals, as well as very abundant calcite veins and open‐space fillings, extensively overprinted the early hydrothermal stage. The composition of early and late hydrothermal minerals show that the solution was chlorine‐rich (Cl/F >10) and that its Fe/Mg ratio and oxidation state increased substantially (4 to 5 logfO₂ units) as temperature decreased through time. The most altered zone in the impactite sequence occurs 30 m above the impact melt. The lack of mineralogical zoning about the impact melt and convective modeling constraints suggest that this unit was too thin at Yaxcopoil‐1 to provide the necessary heat to drive fluids and implies that the hydrothermal system resulted from the combined effects of a pre‐existing saline brine and heat that traveled to the Yaxcopoil‐1 site from adjacent areas where the melt sheet was thicker. Limonite after iron oxides is more common toward the top of the sequence and suggests that the impactite section was subjected to weathering before deposition of the Tertiary marine cover. In addition, scarce latest anatase stringers, chalcopyrite, and barite in vugs, francolite after apatite, and recrystallized halite are the likely products of limited post‐hydrothermal ambient‐temperature diagenesis, or ocean and/or meteoric water circulation.  相似文献   

Formation of garnet clusters during polyphase metamorphism   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

David Floess  Lukas Baumgartner 《地学学报》2013,25(2):144-150

Pre‐Alpine garnets of Variscan age from metapelitic basement units in Northern Italy were strongly retrogressed at near‐surface conditions prior to Alpine contact metamorphism. The replacement by sheet silicates caused a significant volume increase during retrogression, producing pervasive fracturing. Up to several hundreds of angular fragments formed from each crystal. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis documents a maximum misorientation of ~22° of some fragments as a result of local rotation during fracturing. New garnet growth is observed on the garnet fragments during contact metamorphic overprinting, resulting in garnet clusters. Fragments can be identified due to calcium‐rich domains. Fragment orientations were inherited, and only minor new nucleation occurred. These garnets develop features typically associated with multiple nucleation models, but here they reflect multiple metamorphic events. We propose that clusters can be indicative of multiple metamorphic events, which were separated by a period of intense retrograde alteration.  相似文献   

Basin modelling of a lignite‐bearing salt rim syncline: insights into rim syncline evolution and salt diapirism in NW Germany     

Christian Brandes  Lukas Pollok  Carolin Schmidt  Volker Wilde  Jutta Winsemann 《Basin Research》2012,24(6):699-716

The Helmstedt‐Staßfurt salt wall is 70 km long, 6–8 km wide and one of the most important diapiric structures in northern Germany, based on the economically significant lignite‐bearing rim synclines. The analysed Schöningen rim syncline, located on the southwestern side of the Helmstedt‐Staßfurt structure, is 8 km long and 3 km wide. The basin‐fill is up to 366 m thick and characterized by 13 major lignite seams with thicknesses between 0.1 and 30 m. The key objectives of this article were to expand on the classical cross‐section based rim syncline analysis by the use of 3D models and basin simulations. Cross‐sections perpendicular to the basin axis indicate that the basin‐fill has a pronounced lenticular shape. This shape varies from more symmetric in the NW to clearly asymmetric in the SE. Isopach maps imply a two‐fold depocentre evolution. The depocentre migrated over time towards the salt wall and also showed some distinct shifts parallel to the salt wall. The basin modelling part of the study was carried out with the software PetroMod^®, which focused on the burial history of the rim syncline. Modelling results also show the progressive migration of the rim syncline depocentre towards the salt wall. The present‐day asymmetry of the basin‐fill was already developed in the early phases of rim syncline evolution. The extracted geohistory curve shows initial rapid subsidence between 57 and 50 Ma and more moderate subsidence from 50 to 34 Ma. This pattern is interpreted to reflect salt evacuation from the source layer into the salt wall. The initial salt‐withdrawal rate was rapid, but later decreased probably due to depletion of the source layer.  相似文献   

Integrated investigations of karst phenomena in urban environments     

Jannis Epting  Peter Huggenberger  Lukas Glur   《Engineering Geology》2009,109(3-4):273-289

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Karst morphology and groundwater vulnerability of high alpine karst plateaus   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Lukas Plan  Kurt Decker  Robert Faber  Michael Wagreich  Bernhard Grasemann 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(2):285-297

High alpine karst plateaus are recharge areas for major drinking water resources in the Alps and many other regions. Well-established methods for the vulnerability mapping of groundwater to contamination have not been applied to such areas yet. The paper characterises this karst type and shows that two common vulnerability assessment methods (COP and PI) classify most of the areas with high vulnerability classes. In the test site on the Hochschwab plateau (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria), overlying layers are mostly absent, not protective or even enhance point recharge, where they have aquiclude character. The COP method classifies 82% of the area as highly or extremely vulnerable. The resulting maps are reasonable, but do not differentiate vulnerabilities to the extent that the results can be used for protective measures. An extension for the upper end of the vulnerability scale is presented that allows identifying ultra vulnerable areas. The proposed enhancement of the conventional approach points out that infiltration conditions are of key importance for vulnerability. The method accounts for karst genetical and hydrologic processes using qualitative and quantitative properties of karst depressions and sinking streams including parameters calculated from digital elevations models. The method is tested on the Hochschwab plateau where 1.7% of the area is delineated as ultra vulnerable. This differentiation could not be reached by the COP and PI methods. The resulting vulnerability map highlights spots of maximum vulnerability and the combination with a hazard map enables protective measures for a manageable area and number of sites.  相似文献   

Quartz Reference Materials for Oxygen Isotope Analysis by SIMS          下载免费PDF全文

Susanne Seitz  Lukas P. Baumgartner  Anne‐Sophie Bouvier  Benita Putlitz  Torsten Vennemann 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2017,41(1):69-75

Two quartz samples of igneous origin, UNIL‐Q1 (Torres del Paine Intrusion, Chile) and BGI‐Q1 (Shandong province, China), were calibrated for their oxygen isotope composition for SIMS measurements. UNIL‐Q1 and BGI‐Q1 were evaluated for homogeneity using SIMS. Their reference δ¹⁸O values were determined by CO₂ laser fluorination. The average δ¹⁸O value found for UNIL‐Q1 is 9.8 ± 0.06‰ and that for BGI‐Q1 is 7.7 ± 0.11‰ (1s). The intermediate measurement precision of SIMS oxygen isotope measurements was 0.32–0.41‰ (2s; UNIL‐Q1) and 0.40–0.48‰ (2s; BGI‐Q1), respectively. While less homogeneous in its oxygen isotope composition, BGI‐Q1 is also suitable for SIMS trace element measurements.  相似文献   

A Comparative Analysis of Favorability Mappings by Weights of Evidence,Probabilistic Neural Networks,Discriminant Analysis,and Logistic Regression   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Harris  DeVerle  Zurcher  Lukas  Stanley  Michael  Marlow  Josef  Pan  Guocheng 《Natural Resources Research》2003,12(4):241-255

This study compares the performance of favorability mappings by weights of evidence (WOE), probabilistic neural networks (PNN), logistic regression (LR), and discriminant analysis (DA). Comparisons are made by an objective measure of performance that is based on statistical decision theory. The study further emphasizes out-of-sample inference, and quantifies the extent to which outcome is influenced by optimum variable discretization with classification and regression trees (CARTS).Favorability mapping methodologies are evaluated systematically across three case studies with contrasting scale and geologic information: Estimated favorabilities for all cells then are represented by computed percent correct classification, and expected loss of optimum decision.The deposit-scale Carlin study reveals that the performances of the various methods from lowest to highest expected decision loss are: PNN, nonparametric DA, binary PNN (WOE variables), LR, and WOE. Moreover, the study indicates that approximately 40% of the increase in expected decision loss using WOE instead of PNN is the result of information loss from variable discretization. The remaining increases in losses using WOE are the result of its lesser inferential power than PNN. The district-scale Alamos study shows that the lowest expected decision loss is not by PNN, but by canonical DA. CARTS discretization improves greatly the performance of WOE. However, PNN and DA perform better than WOE. Unlike findings from the Alamos and Carlin studies, results from the regional-scale Nevada study indicate that decision losses by LR and DA are lower than those by WOE or PNN. Moreover, decision losses by CARTS-based canonical DA are noticeably the lowest of all, including those by LR and DA using the original variables.  相似文献   

Eine Uranerzlagerstätte in permotriadischen Sedimenten Tirols     

Prof. Dr. O. Schulz  Dr. W. Lukas 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1970,14(3):213-231

Zusammenfassung Im Zuge lagerstättenkundlicher Untersuchungen in der Nördlichen Grauwackenzone Tirols konnten im nördlich vorgelagerten und primär mit dem Paläozoikum im Zusammenhang stehenden permotriadischen Sedimentstreifen lokal lagerstättenbildende Uran-Thorium-Anreicherungen festgestellt werden. Im Gebiet südlich von Fieberbrunn-Hochfilzen enthalten, dem Bundsandstein zugehörige, feinkörnige graue Quarzpsammite und quarzsandige Serizitpsammopelite an Pflanzenreste gebundene Pechblende, häufig begleitet von Pyrit, Markasit und Kupferkies. Die Erzminerale treten imprägnationsähnlich in den permoskytischen Sedimenten auf und werden als authigene Bildungen durch syndiagenetische chemische Anlagerung gedeutet. Im Nebengestein treten lagenweise auch syndiagenetische Magnesitbildungen auf.Erzminerale sowie detritische und authigene Gesteinskomponenten wurden alpidisch durchbewegt und reagierten unterschiedlich, nämlich durch Formung im Feinbau oder durch Kataklase. Postdeformative Neubildungen, zum Teil verbunden mit lokalen Stoffwanderungen und Rekristallisationen, sind an Gesteins- und Erzmineralen festzustellen.Herkunftsgebiete des Urans sind in den heute aufgeschlossenen Arealen bisher nicht bekannt. Für die Kupfererze jedoch ergeben sich wahrscheinliche Beziehungen zu voralpidischen, paläozoischen Kupfermineralisationen, die innerhalb der Grauwackenzone mit zahlreichen Lagerstätten vertreten sind.An sekundären Mineralien finden sich Goethit, Lepidokrokit, Digenit, Covellin, Cuprit, gediegen Kupfer, Malachit sowie Zippeit als Uranabkömmling.Die Verbreitung der in einigen Schichtbänken des Sandsteinhorizontes auftretenden U-Th-Anreicherung ist bisher auf 10 km streichende Distanz bekannt. Wenn auch über die stratigraphische Lagekonstanz und über Schwankungen der Radioaktivität infolge spärlicher Geländeaufschlüsse vorläufig noch keine wirtschaftlich brauchbaren Aussagen gemacht werden können, kann immerhin von der ersten in Österreich nachgewiesenen Uranlagerstätte gesprochen werden, in der punktförmige lokale U-Anreicherungen von 1% (=10.000 ppm), in einem Einzelfall 2% U, nachgewiesen sind.

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A uranium deposit in permotriassic sediments in the province of Tyrol, Austria

Summary During an investigation of the mineral deposits in the Northern Grauwackenzone of the Tyrol, zones of uranium-thorium enrichment were detected in the Permotriassic sediments unconformably overlying the Paleozoic sequence. In the area south of Fieberbrunn-Hochfilzen pitchblende (parapitchblende) associated with plant remains was found in fine-grained grey sandstones and sericitic sandy shales. The pitchblende frequently occurs together with pyrite, marcasite and chalcopyrite. All these minerals are found in Permoskytic sediments in a form similar to impregnation. They are regarded as being authigenic having formed by syndiagenetic chemical deposition. Nearby country rock contains beds of syndiagenetic magnesite.During the Alpine orogenesis the ore minerals as well as the detrital and authigenic rock components underwent deformation of the lattice structure or cataclastic processes. Post-tectonic processes resulted in mobilization and recrystallization of the rock and ore minerals.The source areas of the uranium are not yet known. The copper ores may be related to Pre-alpidian Paleozoic copper mineralizations. Numerous deposits containing such copper mineralizations are found in the Grauwackenzone.Goethite, lepidocrocite, digenite, covellite, cuprite, copper, malachite, and zippeite were found as secondary minerals.The distribution of the U-Th enrichment is observed in some beds of the sandstone horizon over a distance of 10 km along strike. At the present time no economic conclusions can be drawn as to the stratigraphic extent and fluctuations of radioactivity; however, this occurrence can be described as the first uranium deposit in Austria where very local U-concentrations of 1% (=10.000 ppm), in a single case 2% U, have been measured.

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