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131.
Sven Fuchs Magdalena Thöni Maria Christina McAlpin Urs Gruber Michael Bründl 《Natural Hazards》2007,41(1):113-129
This paper demonstrates the application of cost effectiveness analysis and cost benefit analysis to alternative avalanche
risk reduction strategies in Davos, Switzerland. The advantages as well as limitations of such analysis for natural hazards
planning are discussed with respect to 16 avalanche risk reduction strategies. Scenarios include risk reduction measures that
represent the main approaches to natural hazards planning in Switzerland, such as technical, organisational, and land use
planning measures. The methodologies used outline how concepts and techniques from risk analysis, hazard mapping, Geographic
Information System, and economics can be interdisciplinary combined. The results suggest important considerations, such as
possible sources of uncertainty due to different choices in the calculation of cost effectiveness ratio and net present value.
Given the parameters and assumptions, it seems as if the current approach to avalanche risk reduction in the study area approximates
to economic and cost efficiency and serves the aim of reducing risk to human fatalities. 相似文献
132.
Rios Sara Kowalska Magdalena Viana da Fonseca António 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2021,39(5):3449-3467
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - In this paper, the possibility of using fine scrap tyre rubber to improve the mechanical properties of soil subjected to cyclic loading is... 相似文献
133.
This study aims at investigating pre-instrumental tree-ring based winter thermal conditions from Upper Silesia, southern Poland. The Scots pine, pedunculate oak and sessile oak ring widths and the extreme index were used to reconstruct winter mean temperature back to A.D. 1770. The climate response analysis showed that the pine is the most sensitive to February (0.36) and March (0.41) temperature, the oaks were found to be sensitive to the previous December (0.27) and January (0.23) temperature. It was found out that the combination of temperature sensitive species and an additional extreme index in regression can improve the reconstruction, with an emphasis on more reliable reconstruction of extreme values. The elimination of variance reduction and precise reconstruction of actual values of temperature is possible by scaling. The obtained calibration/verification results suggest that, through the application of the long-term composite chronologies a detailed study of the climate variability in Upper Silesia in past centuries can be provided. 相似文献
134.
135.
When pycnocline thickness of ocean density is relatively small, density stratification can be well represented as a two-layer system. In this article, a depth integrated model of the two-layer fluid with constant density is considered,and a variant of the edge-based non-hydrostatic numerical scheme is formulated. The resulting scheme is very efficient since it resolves the vertical fluid depth only in two layers. Despite using just two layers, the numerical dispersion is shown to agree with the analytical dispersion curves over a wide range of kd, where k is the wave number and d the water depth. The scheme was tested by simulating an interfacial solitary wave propagating over a flat bottom, as well as over a bottom step. On a laboratory scale, the formation of an interfacial wave is simulated,which also shows the interaction of wave with a triangular bathymetry. Then, a case study using the Lombok Strait topography is discussed, and the results show the development of an interfacial wave due to a strong current passing through a sill. 相似文献