Projected climate change scenario over California by a regional ocean–atmosphere coupled model system     

Haiqin Li  Masao Kanamitsu  Song-You Hong  Kei Yoshimura  Daniel R. Cayan  Vasubandhu Misra  Liqiang Sun 《Climatic change》2014,122(4):609-619

This study examines a future climate change scenario over California in a 10-km coupled regional downscaling system of the Regional Spectral Model for the atmosphere and the Regional Ocean Modeling System for the ocean forced by the global Community Climate System Model version 3.0 (CCSM3). In summer, the coupled and uncoupled downscaled experiments capture the warming trend of surface air temperature, consistent with the driving CCSM3 forcing. However, the surface warming change along the California coast is weaker in the coupled downscaled experiment than it is in the uncoupled downscaling. Atmospheric cooling due to upwelling along the coast commonly appears in both the present and future climates, but the effect of upwelling is not fully compensated for by the projected large-scale warming in the coupled downscaling experiment. The projected change of extreme warm events is quite different between the coupled and uncoupled downscaling experiments, with the former projecting a more moderate change. The projected future change in precipitation is not significantly different between coupled and uncoupled downscaling. Both the coupled and uncoupled downscaling integrations predict increased onshore sea breeze change in summer daytime and reduced offshore land breeze change in summer nighttime along the coast from the Bay area to Point Conception. Compared to the simulation of present climate, the coupled and uncoupled downscaling experiments predict 17.5 % and 27.5 % fewer Catalina eddy hours in future climate respectively.  相似文献   

Geochemical Characteristics,Origin, and Evolution of Ore‐Forming Fluids of the Khut Copper Skarn Deposit,West of Yazd in Central Iran     

Azam Zahedi  Mohammad Boomeri  Kazuo Nakashima  Mohammad Ali Mackizadeh  Masao Ban  David R. Lentz 《Resource Geology》2014,64(3):209-232

The Khut copper skarn deposit is located at about 50 km northwest of Taft City in Yazd province in the middle part of the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic arc. Intrusion of granitoid of Oligocene–Miocene age into carbonate rocks of the Triassic Nayband Formation led to the formation of marble and a calcic skarn. The marble contains high grade Cu mineralization that occurs mainly as open space filling and replacement. Cu‐rich sulfide samples from the mineralized marble are also anomalous in Au, Zn, and Pb. In contrast, the calcic skarn is only weakly anomalous in Cu and W. The calcic skarn is divided into garnet skarn and garnet–pyroxene skarn zones. Paragenetic relationships and microthermometric data from fluid inclusions in garnet and calcite indicate that the compositional evolution of skarn minerals occurred in three main stages as follows. (i) The early prograde stage, which is characterized by Mg‐rich hedenbergite (Hd_53.7Di_42.3–Hd_86.1Di_9.5) with Al‐bearing andradite (69.8–99.5 mol% andradite). The temperature in the early prograde skarn varies from 400 to 500°C at 500 bar. (ii) The late prograde stage is manifested by almost pure andradite (96.2–98.4 mol% andradite). Based on the fluid inclusion data from garnet, fluid temperature and salinity in this stage is estimated to vary from 267 to 361°C and from 10.1 to 21.1 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Pyrrhotite precipitation started during this stage. (iii) The retrograde stage occurs in an exoskarn, which consists of an assemblage of ferro‐actinolite, quartz, calcite, epidote, chlorite, sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite that partially replaces earlier mineral assemblages under hydrostatic conditions during fracturing of the early skarn. Fluids in calcite yielded lower temperatures (T < 260°C) and fluid salinity declined to ～8 wt% NaCl equivalent. The last stage mineralization in the deposit is supergene weathering/alteration represented by the formation of iron hydroxide, Cu‐carbonate, clay minerals, and calcite. Sulfur isotope data of chalcopyrite (δ³⁴S of +1.4 to +5.2‰) show an igneous sulfur source. Mineralogy and mineral compositions of the prograde assemblage of the Khut skarn are consistent with deposition under intermediately oxidized and slightly lower fS₂ conditions at shallow crustal levels compared with those of other typical Fe‐bearing Cu–Au skarn systems.  相似文献   

Phase diagrams describing solid-gas equilibria in the system Fe-Mg-Si-O-C-H,and its bearing on redox states of chondrites     

Akira Tsuchiyama  Masao Kitamura 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1995,30(4):423-429

Abstract— Phase diagrams describing solid-gas equilibria in the system Fe-Mg-Si-O-C-H under H-rich conditions (～700–2000 K and 10^?2–10^?20 atm of Ph ₂), including solar nebula conditions, were constructed based on thermochemical calculations. Boundaries of vaporous phases, which are the first phases to condense from a gas, can be obtained without calculating condensation temperatures of individual gas compositions because the numbers of major gaseous species are the same as those of components in the concerned systems. Fractionations by condensation and/or evaporation can be discussed easily in such phase diagrams. A thermal divide, which is a barrier that vapors cannot cross by a single cooling process, was recognized in the phase diagrams. This is present on the Fe-MgO-SiO₂-CO-H plane at high temperatures (≥500–700 K) and plays an important role in fractionations. Oxidizing states of ordinary chondrites and carbonaceous chondrites before aqueous alteration are located at the O-rich side of the thermal divide. Such oxidizing states can be formed from the solar gas by fractionation in the primordial solar nebula because the solar composition is located on the O-rich side. On the other hand, the reducing states of enstatite chondrites, located at the O-poor side, cannot be formed as long as the thermal divide is present. The reducing states can be obtained by CO to CH₄ molecular reaction at low temperatures (≤500–700 K), where the high-temperature thermal divide is absent. Addition of H₂O-rich and CH₄-rich ice can explain establishment of the redox states of ordinary and enstatite chondrites, respectively.  相似文献   

The escape of ionizing photons from supernova-dominated primordial galaxies     

Hidenobu Yajima  Masayuki Umemura  Masao Mori  Taishi Nakamoto 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,398(2):715-721

In order to assess the contribution of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) and Lyman α emitters (LAEs) at redshifts  3 < z < 7  to the ionization of intergalactic medium (IGM), we investigate the escape fractions of ionizing photons from supernova-dominated primordial galaxies by solving the three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer. The model galaxy is employed from an ultra-high-resolution chemodynamic simulation of a primordial galaxy by Mori & Umemura, which well reproduces the observed properties of LAEs and LBGs. The total mass of model galaxy is  10¹¹ M_⊙  . We solve not only photoionization but also collisional ionization by shocks. In addition, according to the chemical enrichment, we incorporate the effect of dust extinction, taking the size distributions of dust into account. As a result, we find that dust extinction reduces the escape fractions by a factor of 1.5–8.5 in the LAE phase and by a factor of 2.5–11 in the LBG phase, while the collisional ionization by shocks increases the escape fractions by a factor of  ≈2  . The resultant escape fractions are 0.07–0.47 in the LAE phase and 0.06–0.17 in the LBG phase. These results are well concordant with the recent estimations derived from the flux density ratio at 1500 to 900 Å of LAEs and LBGs. Combining the resultant escape fractions with the luminosity functions of LAEs and LBGs, we find that high- z LAEs and LBGs can ionize the IGM at   z = 3–5  . However, ionizing radiation from LAEs as well as LBGs falls short of ionizing the IGM at   z > 6  . That implies that additional ionization sources may be required at   z > 6  .  相似文献   

Preface     

Hiroyuki Tsubota  Masao Fukasawa  Koh Harada  Akira Nishimura  Masayuki Mac Takahashi  Shigeaki Aoki  Joji Ishizaka  Yutaka W. Watanabe 《Journal of Oceanography》1999,55(6):643-643

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MicroRaman spectroscopy of anomalous planar microstructures in quartz from Mt. Oikeyama: Discovery of a probable impact crater in Japan     

Masao SAKAMOTO  Arnold GUCSIK  Hirotsugu NISHIDO  Kiyotaka NINAGAWA  Tasuku OKUMURA  Shin TOYODA 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2010,45(1):32-42

Abstract– Planar deformation features (PDFs) and planar fractures (PFs) have been found and confirmed by optical microscope observations and microRaman spectroscopy in quartz grains from Mt. Oikeyama (Akaishi Mountains, Central Japan), for which the semicircular topographic feature of the ridge suggests a crater formed by an impact event. According to the optical microscope observations, a low shock pressure (8–10 GPa) is estimated by the occurrence of basal or ω PDFs leading to lack of multiple sets of PDFs. In addition, a new type of planar microstructure was found in several quartz grains. The microRaman characteristics of PDFs in quartz from Mt. Oikeyama show the amorphous state indicating the presence of weak broad bands at 400 and 800 cm^?1 peak positions. These characteristics are indicative of PDFs that are limited to shocked quartz. This indicates an impact origin for distinct planar microstructures in quartz from Mt. Oikeyama.  相似文献   

Experimental study on the bidirectional inelastic deformation capacity of U‐shaped steel dampers for seismic isolated buildings          下载免费PDF全文

Diana Ene  Shoichi Kishiki  Satoshi Yamada  Yu Jiao  Yoshinao Konishi  Masao Terashima  Norihisa Kawamura 《地震工程与结构动力学》2016,45(2):173-192

Hysteretic dampers are used to dissipate earthquake‐induced energy in base‐isolated structures by acquiring inelastic deformations, rendering their hysteretic behavior of vital importance. The present paper focuses on investigating the behavior of U‐shaped steel dampers under bidirectional loading; this is significantly different from their corresponding uniaxial behavior. Two main sets of loading tests on full‐scale specimens are conducted in this regard: (i) quasi‐static tests with simple histories and (ii) dynamic tests with realistic loading histories. Based on the results obtained in the quasi‐static tests, an interaction curve that accounts for the reduction of the cyclic deformation capacity is proposed. However, the fidelity of this relation must be assessed under loading conditions similar to those of a seismically isolated structure subjected to an earthquake, which represents the goal of the second set of tests. The results of the dynamic tests validate the proposed interaction curve for estimating the deformation capacity of U‐shaped steel dampers under bidirectional loading. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effect of ocean acidification on coastal phytoplankton composition and accompanying organic nitrogen production     

Takeo Hama  Shoko Kawashima  Koichi Shimotori  Yuhi Satoh  Yuko Omori  Shigeki Wada  Taiki Adachi  Shun Hasegawa  Takashi Midorikawa  Masao Ishii  Shu Saito  Daisuke Sasano  Hiroko Endo  Tsuyoshi Nakayama  Isao Inouye 《Journal of Oceanography》2012,68(1):183-194

The effect of ocean acidification, caused by the increase in pCO₂ in seawater, on phytoplankton population and on related organic nitrogen production was experimentally examined by use of a natural coastal microbial population. pCO₂ and pH were controlled by aeration with air in which pCO₂ was at the current level (control), for which ambient air was used, and with air in which pCO₂ was ??800?? and ??1200?? ppm, in 500-L culture vessels. The experiment was continued for 15?days after addition of the inorganic nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. During most of the experimental period, a minor increase in phytoplankton biomass was noted, probably because of low irradiance, an increase in phytoplankton biomass was observed at the end of the experiment. Flow cytometric and microscopic observations revealed that this increase was because of Chrysochromulina sp. (Haptophyceae). The growth of Chrysochromulina sp. was most obvious in the control vessel, and tended to be obscured by increasing pCO₂ (decrease in pH), indicating the possibility that ocean acidification inhibits the growth of specific phytoplankton groups, for example Chrysochromulina sp. Production of particulate organic nitrogen (PON), determined by the ¹⁵N tracer method, also diminished under acidified conditions compared with that at the current level.  相似文献   

Organic carbon and microbial biomass in a raised beach deposit under terrestrial vegetation in the High Arctic, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard     

Takayuki Nakatsubo  Shinpei Yoshitake  Masaki Uchida  Masao Uchida  Yasuyuki Shibata  & Hiroshi Koizumi 《Polar research》2008,27(1):23-27

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A precise bathymetric map of the world’s deepest seafloor,Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Masao Nakanishi  Jun Hashimoto 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2011,32(4):455-463

Data from three bathymetric surveys by R/V Kairei using a 12-kHz multibeam echosounder and differential GPS were used to create an improved topographic model of the Challenger Deep in the southwestern part of the Mariana Trench, which is known as the deepest seafloor in the world. The strike of most of the elongated structures related to plate bending accompanied by subduction of the Pacific plate is N70°E and is not parallel to the trench axis. The bending-related structures were formed by reactivation of seafloor spreading fabric. Challenger Deep consists of three en echelon depressions along the trench axis, each of which is 6–10 km long, about 2 km wide, and deeper than 10,850 m. The eastern depression is the deepest, with a depth of 10,920 ± 5 m.  相似文献