Spectrophotometric scan of comet 1973 XII Kohoutek     

Hisashi S. Ishii  Tetsuo Yamamoto  Shin'ichi Tamura 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1981,25(4):437-450

Photoelectric spectrophotometric scans of Comet 1973 XII Kohoutek were made on November 25.85 and 28.85 UT, 1973. The vibrational temperature of C₂, the total numbers of CN and of C₂, and the production rates for CN and C₂ are derived from the observed fluxes. The temperature of C₂ was 4900 K on 25.85 November and 4300 K on 28.85 November. Mean abundance ratio of C₂ to CN was about 2.7. From the variation of production rates with heliocentric distance, it is shown that there was an outburst on 25.85 November in both CN and C₂ productions. For C₂, the production rates are derived by using two coma models, i.e. the Haser's parent-daughter model and the model relevant to a proposition of Yamamoto (1981b) that C₂ is formed via two-step photodissociation of its parent molecules. By comparing the production rate derived from the two models, it can be supported that C₂ is formed via two-step photodissociation rather than one-step photodissociation. In consequence, it is shown that the variation of the production rate with heliocentric distance is largely modified compared with that derived from the Haser's model.  相似文献   

In situ stress measurements in a borehole close to the Nojima Fault   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hiroaki Tsukahara  Ryuji Ikeda  Kiyohiko Yamamoto 《Island Arc》2001,10(3-4):261-265

Abstract In situ stress was measured close to the fault associated with the 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake; January 1995; M 7.2) using the hydraulic fracturing method. The measurements were made approximately 2 years after the earthquake. The measured points were approximately 40 m from the fault plane at depths of about 1500 m. The maximum and the minimum horizontal compressive stresses were 45 MPa and 31 MPa, respectively. The maximum compressive stress and the maximum shear stress are very small in comparison with those of other seismically active areas. The azimuth of the maximum horizontal compressive stress was estimated from the observed azimuths of well bore breakouts at depths between 1400 m and 1600 m and was found to be N135° (clockwise). The maximum stress axis is perpendicular to the fault strike, N45°. These features are interpreted in terms of a small frictional coefficient of the fault. The shear stress on the fault was released and dropped almost to zero during the earthquake and it has not yet recovered. Zero shear stress on the fault plane resulted from the perpendicular orientation of one of the principal stress to the fault plane.  相似文献   

A Numerical Simulation of the Seasonal Cycle of Temperature, Salinity and Velocity Fields in Tokyo Bay     

Fumio Horiguchi  Joji Yamamoto  Kisaburo Nakata 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,43(7-12):145-153

To understand when oxygen-depleted waters occur, how they develop and when they dissipate in inner Tokyo Bay, realistic simulations were attempted with fine spatial and temporal resolution by applying realistic time dependent external forcing. A 3D hydrodynamic model was driven by time-dependent external forcing factors/parameters such as solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, and fluvial discharge, under the open boundary conditions of 1995. A simulated time series of salinity and temperature agreed fairly well with observed data, except in summer. The model failed to reproduce the development of the surface mixed layer in summer. Several sensitivity analyses on the external forcing parameters such as wind velocity and vertical diffusivity were conducted to reproduce the mixed layer. However, changing these parameter values did not improve the model results.  相似文献   

An interpretation of the 1883 cataclysmic eruption of Krakatau from geochemical studies on the partial melting of granite     

Noboru Ōba Dr.  Katsutoshi Tomita Dr.  Masahiko Yamamoto Dr. 《GeoJournal》1992,28(2):99-108

Pumice flow from the 1883 Krakatau eruption significantly differs in both mineral and chemical compositions from any other volcanic rocks or ejecta of the Krakatau group, which belong to the tholeiitic series. Lithic fragments of granitic Rock, discovered in the pumice flow, are similar to West Malayan granitic rocks. No other granitic rock occurs throughout the Krakatau group, therefore, we consider that the granitic fragments came from the underlying complex at depths, where they were captured as foreign materials by the magma.It is possible that sialic crustal materials plunged into depths along a peculiar tectonic structure located at the Sunda Strait, which appears to be a sheared portion caused by deformation of the Sunda arc due to differential movement between the Indo-Australian oceanic plate and the Eurasian continental crust. The crustal materials were partially melted and produced a magma of granitic composition. The magma was mixed with or assimilated by an ascending basaltic magma originating probably from the upper mantle. This resulted in a dacitic magma distinctly dominant in silica, alkalis and volatile components, and the 1883 Krakatau eruption, characterized by the pumice flow of dacitic composition, took place.  相似文献   

APPLICATION OF MEM SPECTRAL ESTIMATION TO MU RADAR OBSERVATION   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Li Wei  L&#;Daren  Shoichiro Fukao  Mamoru Yamamoto  Toshitaka Tsu  Susumu Kato 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1991,5(3):293-298

Preliminary results of the wind velocity estimation using the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) to MUradar observation data sets are presented. The comparison of the results from the periodogram method and theMEM shows that the MEM estimation is reliable, and has higher accuracy, resolution and detectability than theestimation from periodogram method. The high accuracy power spectrum obtained by the MEM is veryuseful to studying the atmospheric turbulence structure. However. the MEM needs the longer computingtime for obtaining the high accuracy spectrum. Particularly, the estimation of MEM will bring serious devia-tion at lower signal-to-noise ratio.  相似文献   

Chemical variations of magmas at Izu-Oshima volcano,Japan: plagioclase-controlled and differentiated magmas     

Shun Nakano  Takahiro Yamamoto 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1991,53(2):112-120

Systematic analyses of the major-element chemistry of products of several eruptions during syn-and post-caldera stages of Izu-Oshima volcano were compiled. Comparisons of the products of large-scale eruptions in 1338?, 1421? and 1777–1778, of intermediate-scale eruptions in 1950–1951 and 1986, and of small-scale eruptions in 1954, 1964 and 1974 clearly show the existence of two types of magmas. One is “plagioclase-controlled” and the other is “differentiated” magma (multimineral-controlled); i.e. the bulk chemistry of the first magma type is controlled by plagioclase addition or removal, while that of the second type is controlled by fractionation of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and titanomagnetite. Eruptions of Izu-Oshima volcano have occurred at the summit and along the flanks. Summit eruptions tap only plagioclase-controlled magmas, while flank eruptions supply both magma types. It is considered unlikely that both magma types would coexist in the same magma chamber based on the petrology. In the case of the 1986 eruption, the flank magma was isolated sometime in the past from the summit magma chamber or central conduit, and formed small magma pockets, where further differentiation occurred due to relatively rapid cooling. In a period of quiescence prior to the 1986 eruption, new magma was supplied to the summit magma chamber, and the summit eruption began. The dike intrusion or fracturing around the small magma pockets triggered the flank eruption of the differentiated magma. This model can be applied to the large-scale flank eruption in 1338(?) which erupted differentiated magmas. In 1421(?), the flank eruption tapped plagioclase-controlled magma. In this case, the isolated magmas from the summit magma chamber directly penetrated the flank without differentiation.  相似文献   

Change of surface air temperature averaged globally during the years 1957–1972     

R. Yamamoto  M. Hoshiai  T. Iwashima 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1977,25(2):105-115

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Relationship between Se/S and sulfur isotope ratios of hydrothermal sulfide minerals     

M. Yamamoto 《Mineralium Deposita》1976,11(2):197-209

The pH and f_{O 2} dependences of the [Se^2–]/[S^2–] ratio in chloride solutions at 100°, 200° and 300°C are predicted thermodynamically. Under the high f_{O 2} conditions where sulfate species are dominant in solution, the [Se^2–]/[S^2–] ratio always increases with increasing pH and/or f_{O 2}. Under the low f_{O 2} conditions where sulfide species are dominant in solution, the pH and f_{O 2} dependences of the [Se^2–]/[S^2–] ratio are seriously affected by the presence of native selenium. With native selenium present, the [Se^2–]/[S^2–] ratio decreases with increasing f_{O 2}, but almost independent of pH in geologically important pH regions. When native selenium is absent, the [Se^2–]/[S^2–] ratio is solely a function of pH and independent of f_{O 2}. Combining the above with the pH and f_{O 2} dependences of ³⁴S value of aqueous sulfur species, we discuss the possible influences of the pH and f_{O 2} of ore-forming solutions on the relationship between the Se/S ratio and ³⁴S value of hydrothermal sulfide minerals. The results are applied to some Japanese sulfide ore deposits.  相似文献   

Timing of Himalayan ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: sinking rate and subduction angle of the Indian continental crust beneath Asia   总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28  

Y. Kaneko  I. Katayama  H. Yamamoto  K. Misawa  M. Ishikawa  H. U. Rehman  A. B. Kausar  K. Shiraishi 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2003,21(6):589-599

Coesite relics were discovered as inclusions in clinopyroxene in eclogite and as inclusions in zircon in felsic and pelitic gneisses from Higher Himalayan Crystalline rocks in the upper Kaghan Valley, north‐west Himalaya. The metamorphic peak conditions of the coesite‐bearing eclogites are estimated to be 27–32 kbar and 700–770 °C, using garnet–pyroxene–phengite geobarometry and garnet–pyroxene geothermometry, respectively. Cathodoluminescence (CL) and backscattered electron (BSE) imaging distinguished three different domains in zircon: inner detrital core, widely spaced euhedral oscillatory zones, and thin, broadly zoned outermost rims. Each zircon domain contains a characteristic suite of micrometre‐sized mineral inclusions which were identified by in situ laser Raman microspectroscopy. Core and mantle domains contain quartz, apatite, plagioclase, muscovite and rutile. In contrast, the rim domains contain coesite and minor muscovite. Quartz inclusions were identified in all coesite‐bearing zircon grains, but not coexisting with coesite in the same growth domain (rim domain). ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U zircon ages reveal that the quartz‐bearing mantle domains and the coesite‐bearing rim were formed at c. 50 Ma and 46.2 ± 0.7 Ma, respectively. These facts demonstrate that the continental materials were buried to 100 km within 7–9 Myr after initiation of the India–Asia collision (palaeomagnetic data from the Indian oceanic floor supports an initial India‐Asia contact at 55–53 Ma). Combination of the sinking rate of 1.1–1.4 cm year^?1 with Indian plate velocity of 4.5 cm year^?1 suggests that the Indian continent subducted to about 100 km depth at an average subduction angle of 14–19°.  相似文献   

Southward extrusion of eclogite-bearing mafic–ultramafic bodies in the Sanbagawa belt, central Shikoku, Japan     

Hiroshi Yamamoto  Kazuaki Okamoto  Yoshiyuki Kaneko  Masaru Terabayashi 《Tectonophysics》2004,387(1-4):151-168

Several mafic rock masses, which have experienced eclogite facies metamorphism, are distributed in flat-lying non-eclogitic schists in an intermediate structural level (thermal core) of the Sanbagawa belt. The largest, Iratsu mass, and an associated peridotite, the Higashi-Akaishi mass, extend E–W for about 8 km, and N–S for about 3 km, and are surrounded by pelitic, basic and quartz schists. The Iratsu mass consists of metabasites of gabbroic and basaltic origin, with intercalations of ultramafic rocks, felsic gneiss, quartz schist and metacarbonate. The Iratsu mass can be divided into two layers along a WNW-trending metacarbonate layer. The Higashi-Akaishi mass consists of peridotite with intercalations of garnet clinopyroxenite. It is situated beneath the western half of the Iratsu mass, and their mutual boundary dips gently or steeply to the N or NE. These masses underwent eclogite, and subsequent epidote-amphibolite facies metamorphism as has been reported elsewhere. The Iratsu–Higashi-Akaishi masses and the surrounding rocks underwent ductile deformation under epidote-amphibolite facies (or lower P–T) metamorphic conditions. Their foliation generally trends WNW and dips moderately to the NNE, and the mineral lineation mostly plunges to the N and NE. In non-eclogitic schists surrounding the Iratsu–Higashi-Akaishi masses, the foliation generally trends WNW and dips gently or steeply to the N or S and the mineral lineation mostly plunges to the NW, N and NE. Kinematic analysis of deformation structures in outcrops and oriented samples has been performed to determine shear senses. Consistent top-to-the-north, normal fault displacements are observed in peridotite layers of the Higashi-Akaishi mass and eclogite-bearing epidote amphibolite layers of the Iratsu mass. Top-to-the-northeast or top-to-the-northwest displacements also occur in non-eclogitic pelitic–quartz schists on the northern side of the Iratsu mass. In the structural bottom of the Iratsu–Higashi-Akaishi masses and to the south, reverse fault (top-to-the-south) movements are recognized in serpentinized peridotite and non-eclogitic schists. These observations provide the following constraints on the kinematics of the rock masses: (1) northward normal displacement of Iratsu relative to Higashi-Akaishi, (2) northward normal displacement of non-eclogitic schists on the north of the Iratsu mass and (3) southward thrusting of the Iratsu–Higashi-Akaishi masses upon non-eclogitic schists in the south. The exhumation process of the Iratsu–Higashi-Akaishi masses can be explained by their southward extrusion.  相似文献