Changes of the susceptibility to lava flow invasion induced by morphological modifications of an active volcano: the case of Mount Etna,Italy     

Tarquini  Simone  Favalli  Massimiliano 《Natural Hazards》2010,54(2):537-546

Changes of the susceptibility to lava flow invasion at Mount Etna are quantified by using lava flow simulations on four Digital Elevation Models documenting the morphostructural modifications of the volcano in the time interval 1986–2007. The probabilistic code DOWNFLOW is used to derive the areas invaded by several thousands of lava flows obtaining, for each DEM, maps of the susceptibility to lava flow invasion and of the lava flow hazard. These maps show, for the first time, the evolution of these surficial properties with time, and render a quantitative image of the effects of topographic changes on the preferential lava flow drainage paths. The results illustrate how the emplacement of new lava flows and the growth of scoria cones affect the probability of inundation by lava flows. We conclude that the persistent activity of this volcano requires a frequent updating of the topography for a reliable lava flow hazard assessment.  相似文献   

Rare earth diffusion kinetics in garnet: Experimental studies and applications     

Massimiliano Tirone  Jibamitra Ganguly  Ralf Dohmen  Richard Hervig 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(9):2385-2398

We determined the diffusion coefficient of Sm in almandine garnet as function of temperature at 1 bar and fO₂ corresponding to that of wüstite-iron buffer, and to a limited extent, that of a few other selected rare earth elements in almandine and pyrope garnets. Both garnets were demonstrated to have metastably survived the diffusion annealing at conditions beyond their stability fields. The experimental diffusion profiles were analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry, and in addition, by Rutherford back scattering spectroscopy for two samples. Transmission electron microscopic study of an almandine crystal that was diffusion-annealed did not reveal any near-surface fast diffusion path. Using reasonable approximations and theoretical analysis of vacancy diffusion, the experimental data were used to develop an expression of rare earth element (REE) diffusion coefficient in garnet as a function of temperature, pressure, fO₂, ionic radius, and matrix composition. Calculation of the closure temperature for the Sm-Nd decay system in almandine garnet in a metamorphic terrain shows very good agreement with that constrained independently. Modeling of the REE evolution in melt and residual garnet suggests that for dry melting condition, the REE pattern in the melt should commonly conform closely to that expected for equilibrium melting. However, for much lower solidus temperatures that would prevail in the presence of a H₂O-CO₂ fluid, the concentration of light REE in the melt could be significantly lower than that under equilibrium melting condition. A reported core and rim differences in the REE content of a garnet crystal in a mantle xenolith in kimberlite have been reproduced by assuming that the REE zoning was a consequence of entrapment in a magma derived from an external source for ∼32,000 yr before the eruption.  相似文献   

Reply to:     

Massimiliano Favalli  Dávid Karátson  Roberto Mazzuoli  Maria Teresa Pareschi  Guido Ventura 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,70(1):117-118

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The effects of differential subsidence and coastal topography on high-order transgressive-regressive cycles: Pliocene nearshore deposits of the Val d'Orcia Basin, Northern Apennines, Italy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Massimiliano Ghinassi 《Sedimentary Geology》2007,202(4):677-701

This study focuses on the lowstand and early transgressive systems tracts of a basin-fill sequence of lower Pliocene nearshore deposits in the Val d'Orcia Basin of the Northern Apennines, Italy. The basin at that time was a semi-enclosed marine embayment, and, in the study area, its margin was subject to highly variable subsidence along the depositional strike, attributed to a decrease in tectonic displacement. The nearshore succession in the more rapidly-subsiding segment of the basin is around 20 m thick, comprising three storeys of laterally-stacked Gilbert-type delta lobes overlain by a shoal-water delta, whereas the nearshore succession in the adjacent, more slowly-subsiding segment, is up to 9 m thick. This succession is characterised by alternation of shoreface and offshore deposits, moderately wave-worked and covered by shoal-water deltaic facies.These coeval nearshore successions consist of several transgressive-regressive cyclothems. The development and lateral variation of the cyclothems was controlled by the local subsidence rate and coastal topographic gradient. Some of the cyclothems are considered to be higher-order sequences and others to be parasequences, with the former passing laterally into the latter in the area where the sea-level fall was countered by fast local subsidence. Some of the bounding surfaces are of limited lateral extent, with two parasequences passing laterally into a single one.Coastal topography controlled particularly the thickness of transgressive deposits. In the low-gradient setting of a delta plain, the relative sea-level rises caused major landward shifts of the shoreline and reduced fluvial sediment supply, with the formation of a transgressive lag in sediment-starved conditions. In the high-gradient coastal setting of the non-deltaic zone, the shoreline shift was minimal and had relatively little impact on local sediment supply, which promoted an accretionary transgression.At the end of the lowstand stage, the rate of sediment accumulation in the non-deltaic nearshore zone was lower, allowing the onset of subsequent transgression to be recorded considerably earlier than in the deltaic nearshore zone. This diachroneity suggests that facies criteria alone may not necessarily be a reliable basis for the recognition of systems tract boundaries.  相似文献   

Spada: An Array of Spad Detectors For Astrophysical Applications     

Giovanni Bonanno  Massimiliano Belluso  Franco Zappa  Simone Tisa  Sergio Cova  Piera Maccagnani  Domenico Bonaccini Calia  Roberto Saletti  Roberto Roncella  Sergio Billotta 《Experimental Astronomy》2005,19(1-3):163-168

Astrophysical studies require accurate, sensitive and fast detectors to detect faint sources with high variability. Recently an array of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPAD), SPADA, has been developed. This array is suitable for competitive adaptive optics operations and fast transient image acquisition at a fraction of the current cost of imaging arrays. The fabricated solid-state photon counters are rugged, easily integrated with the optics, free from readout noise, and have very fast frame rates (> 10 kHz, for visible corrections) with nanosecond electronic gating. In this paper, the following are described: the development of silicon monolithic arrays of 60 photon-counters, the detection electronics (based on integrated active quenching circuits for each pixel of the array), the real-time data-processing board implemented into FPGA and some aspects of the mechanical housing.  相似文献   

Elastic velocity models for gas-hydrate-bearing sediments—a comparison     

Shyam Chand  Tim A. Minshull  Davide Gei  José M. Carcione 《Geophysical Journal International》2004,159(2):573-590

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Poisson's ratio at high pore pressure   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

José M. Carcione  Fabio Cavallini 《Geophysical Prospecting》2002,50(1):97-106

Laboratory investigations suggest that a precise relationship exists between Poisson's ratio, pore pressure and fluid type. Values of Poisson's ratio for dry samples are significantly smaller than those for fluid-saturated samples. The values are anomalously high for high pore pressure, with the possibility of differentiating between gas-saturated, brine-saturated and oil-saturated porous rocks.
The present study considers two overpressure models, based on oil/gas conversion and disequilibrium compaction, to obtain Poisson's ratio versus differential pressure (confining pressure minus pore pressure). The model results are in good agreement with experiments. Poisson's ratio is approximately constant at high differential pressures and increases (decreases) for saturated (dry) rocks at low differential pressures. Fluid type can be determined at all differential pressures from Poisson's ratio. The analysis is extended to the anisotropic case by computing the three Poisson's ratios of a transversely isotropic rock versus differential pressure. While one of them is practically independent of effective pressure, the others increase with increasing pore pressure. Experiments performed on cores under different pressure conditions, and calibration of the models with these data, provide a tool for inverting pore pressure from seismic data.  相似文献   

Heterogeneous modelling behaviour at an interface in porous media     

G. Quiroga-Goode  J.M. Carcione 《Computational Geosciences》1997,1(2):109-125

The fluid flow induced by an incident wave at a discontinuity separating two porous media is governed by the hydraulic permeabilities of both media and that of the interface. In the context of Biot’s theory, we derive the time-harmonic Green’s function for the two half-space problem allowing incident fast and slow dilatational waves to assess the heterogeneous modelling behaviour for diverse hydraulic conditions. It is found that when at least one of the media is permeated with inviscid fluids, heterogeneous modelling simulates open boundary conditions. On the other hand, when the model is saturated with viscous fluids, the modelling reproduces restrained fluid flow whose values correspond to sealed pore interface conditions, in agreement with the theoretical results. Therefore the numerical technique models correctly the wave diffusion and propagation phenomena attendant at the boundary.  相似文献   

Geotechnical characterization of the upper Pleistocene–Holocene alluvial deposits of Roma (Italy) by means of multivariate geostatistics: Cross-validation results   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Giuseppe Raspa  Massimiliano Moscatelli  Francesco Stigliano  Antonio Patera  Fabrizio Marconi  Daiane Folle  Roberto Vallone  Marco Mancini  Gian Paolo Cavinato  Salvatore Milli  Joo Felipe Coimbra Leite Costa 《Engineering Geology》2008,101(3-4):251-268

We are presenting an attempt to evaluate the spatial variability of geotechnical parameters in the upper Pleistocene–Holocene alluvial deposits of Roma (Italy) by means of multivariate geostatistics.The upper Pleistocene–Holocene alluvial deposits of Roma are sensitive to high levels of geohazard. They occupy a sizable and significant part of the city, being the foundation for many monuments, historical neighborhoods, and archaeological areas, and the main host of the present and future subway lines. We have stored information from more than 2000 geotechnical boreholes crossing the alluvial deposits into a relational database. For the present study, only the boreholes with lithologic/textural interpretation and geotechnical information were selected. The set includes 283 boreholes and 719 samples, which have a set of geotechnical information comprising physical properties and mechanical parameters.Techniques of multivariate statistics and geostatistics were combined and compared to evaluate the estimation methods of the mechanical parameters, with special reference to the drained friction angle from direct shear test (φ′). Principal Component Analysis was applied to the dataset to highlight the relationships between the geotechnical parameters. Through cross-validation analysis, multiple linear regression, kriging, and cokriging were tested as estimators of φ′. Cross-validation demonstrates that the cokriging with granulometries as auxiliary variables is the most suitable method to estimate φ′. In addition to proving that cokriging is a good estimator of φ′, cross-validation demonstrates that input data are coherent and this allows us to use them for estimation of geotechnical parameters, although they come from different laboratories and different vintages.Nevertheless, to get the same good results of cross-validation in estimation, it is necessary for granulometries to be available at grid points. Since this information being not available at all grid points, it is expected that, in the future, textural information can be derived in an indirect way, i.e., from lithologic/textural spatial reconstructions.  相似文献   

Simulation of axis-symmetric seismic waves in fluid-filled boreholes in the presence of a drill string     

José M. Carcione  Flavio Poletto  Biancamaria Farina 《Computational Geosciences》2008,12(4):593-604

A numerical algorithm for simulation of 2-D (axis-symmetric) wave propagation using a multidomain approach is proposed. The method uses a cylindrical coordinate system, Chebyshev and Fourier differential operators to calculate the spatial derivatives along the radial and vertical direction, respectively, and a Runge–Kutta time-integration scheme. The numerical technique is based on the solution of the equations of momentum conservation combined with the stress–strain relations of the fluid (drilling mud) and isotropic elastic media (drill string and formation). Wave modes and radiated waves are simulated in the borehole-formation system. The algorithm satisfies the reciprocity condition and the results agree with an analytical solution and low-frequency simulation of wave-propagation modes reported in the literature. Examples illustrating the propagation of waves are presented for hard and soft formations. Moreover, the presence of casing, cement, and formation heterogeneity have been considered. Since the algorithm is based on a direct (grid) method, the geometry and the properties defining the media at each grid point, can be general, i.e., there are no limitations such as planar interfaces or uniform (homogeneous) properties for each medium.   相似文献