Aussergewöhnliche Rauschstörung im Anschluss an einen Mögel-Dellinger-Effekt     

H. A. Hess  K. Rawer 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1960,45(1):175-178

Zusammenfassung Während der grossen Sonnen-Eruption vom 29.3.60 wurde bei Registrierungen der kosmischen Radio-Strahlung zuerst eine Abnahme beobachtet, der hohe Intensität nachfolgte, die mehrere Stunden anhielt. Die Abnahme entspricht der Mögel-Dellinger-Absorption; es ergibt sich, dass der Radio-Strahlungs-Ausbruch viel länger dauerte als der UV- oder Röntgen-Strahlungs-Ausbruch, der den Mögel Dellinger-Effekt verursachte.

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Summary Recording cosmic radio noise during the large solar eruption of march 29, 1960 a decrease of intensity has been observed at first which was followed by high intensity lasting several hours. The decrease being due to SID absorption it appears that the noise-burst lasted much longer than the uv- or x-ray eruption causing the SID.

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Role of Vertical Shafts in the Movement of Ground Water in Carbonate Aquifers     

Roger W. Brucker  John W. Hess  William B. White 《Ground water》1972,10(6):5-13

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Prograde and retrograde equilibria in garnet-cordierite gneisses in south-central Massachusetts     

Paul C. Hess 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1971,30(3):177-195

Partial electron microprobe analyses of garnet, biotite and cordierite in sillimanite-K feldspar gneisses of the Brimfield Formation in south-central Massachusetts indicate that the compositions of these minerals are not constant in a thin section. The FeO/MgO mol ratio of biotite is sensitive to the nature of other FeO-MgO minerals occurring in close proximity. The most iron-rich biotites are those that do not contact either cordierite or garnet. The most iron-poor biotites occur as inclusions in garnet. Biotites in direct contact with either cordierite or garnet have intermediate FeO/MgO ratios. The bulk of a given grain of garnet or cordierite is homogeneous in composition. Chemical zoning is absent. All grains of garnet and cordierite in a thin section are constant in composition. However, where garnet and cordierite abut biotite, the FeO/MgO ratio of the garnet rim is increased and that of cordierite is decreased. The FeO/MgO ratios of garnet, cordierite and biotite bare a regular relation to each other indicating a possible equilibrium state. However the distribution coefficient defined by the compositions of minerals in direct contact are greater than those defined by the compositions of the interiors of garnet and cordierite matched with the compositions of biotites removed from these phases. This pattern is believed to be the result of two thermal events. The first event produced the mineral assemblages and widespread equilibrium was obtained. A subsequent retrograde event left the mineralogy intact but caused cation exchange reactions at immediate contacts between garnet, cordierite and biotite. The physical conditions of the first event are estimated at P=5–6 kb, T=700–750° C. The retrograde event occurred at lower temperatures and very low activities of H₂O since no muscovite is developed at microcline-sillimanite contacts.  相似文献   

On the electrical conductivity and the nucleus content of air inside buildings     

V. F. Hess 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1954,7(1):262-265

Comments are presented on a paper ofG. F. Schilling andJ. Carson on the continuous recording of the conductivity of air in closed rooms by means of the vibrating reed electrometer and a Brown recorder. Similar observations have been made in 1953 by the author at Mt. St. Vincent near New York. The sudden increases (up to four times the normal value) of the conductivity were also noticed, occasionally, and it is shown that they cannot be explained by assuming a sudden appearance of nuclei; this would have to be of the order of 700 000 nuclei per cm³ which is about 10 times the number observed in cities. It is believed that malfunctioning of the vibrating reed electrometer is the reason for these spikes in the record.

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Zusammenfassung Die kontinuierliche Registrierung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit der Luft mittels des Vibrating Reed-Elektrometers durchG. F. Schilling undJ. Carson zeigte gelegentlich plötzliches Anwachsen der Leitfähigkeit auf das Vierfache des normalen Wertes, was von den Verfassern als das Eindringen sehr hoher Zahlen von schweren Ionen (geladenen Kondensationskernen) interpretiert wurde. Verfasser hat in Mt. St. Vincent (in der Umgebung von New York) im Sommer 1953 ähnliche plötzliche Schwankungen registriert, wobei ein Registrierapparat derselben Type verwendet wurde. Verfasser zeigt, daß man das plötzliche Eindringen kernreicher Luft mit Kernzahlen bis zu 700 000 per cm³ annehmen müßte, um das Anwachsen der Leitfähigkeit auf das Vierfache des normalen Wertes zu erklären. Da diese Zahlen ungefähr zehnmal größer sind, als man gewöhnlich in Stadtluft beobachtet, muß vermutet werden, daß das Vibrating Reed-Elektrometer selbst gelegentlich schlecht funktioniert und daß daher solche Werte nicht berücksichtigt werden sollten.

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Résumé Les enregistrements continus en chambre close de la conductibilité électrique de l'air au moyen de l'électromètre «vibrating reed» effectués parG. F. Schilling etJ. Carson montrent que celle-ci augmente parfois jusqu'au quadruple de la valeur normale. Ce phénomène fut expliqué par les auteurs comme résultant de l'apparition soudaine d'un três grand nombre de gros ions (noyaux de condensation chargés). Pendant l'été de 1953, à Mt. St. Vincent (dans les environs de New York), l'auteur a enregistré avec un électromètre du même type des variations soudaines semblables. Pour expliquer l'augmentation de la conductibilité jusqu'au quadruple de la valeur normale, il faudrait admettre l'irruption de masses d'air contenant jusqu'à 700 000 noyaux par cm³. Vu que ce nombre est à peu près dix fois plus grand que celui que l'on observe généralement dans l'atmosphère d'une ville, on est obligé de supposer que parfois l'électromètre «vibrating reed» lui-même fonctionne mal et que de telles valeurs ne devraient pas être retenues.

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Reply to “Comments on: The Neutral, Barotropic Planetary Boundary Layer Capped by a Low-level Inversion”     

G. D. Hess 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,119(1):181-194

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The XMM-SSC survey of hard-spectrum XMM–Newton sources – I. Optically bright sources     

M. J. Page  I. Lehmann  Th. Boller  M. G. Watson  T. Dwelly  S. Hess  I. Matute  N. S. Loaring  S. Rosen  H. Ziaeepour  A. Schwope  G. Lamer  F. J. Carrera  J. Tedds  R. Della Ceca  P. Severgnini  R. G. McMahon  W. Yuan 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,378(4):1335-1355

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Lead angles and emitting electron energies of Io-controlled decameter radio arcs     

S.L.G. Hess  A. Pétin  B. Bonfond 《Planetary and Space Science》2010,58(10):1188-1198

The Io-controlled radio arcs are emissions in the decametric radio range which appear arc shaped in the time-frequency plane. Their occurrence is controlled by Io's position, so it has been for long inferred that they are powered by the Io-Jupiter electrodynamic interaction. Their frequency ranges correspond to the electron cyclotron frequencies along the Io Flux tube, so they are expected to be generated by cyclotron maser instability (CMI). The arc shape was proposed to be a consequence of the strong anisotropy of the decametric radio emissions beaming, combined with the topology of the magnetic field in the source and the observation geometry. Recent papers succeeded at reproducing the morphologies of a few typical radio arcs by modeling in three dimensions the observation geometry, using the best available magnetic field model and a beaming angle variation consistent with a loss-cone driven CMI. In the continuation of these studies, we present here the systematic modeling of a larger number of observations of the radio arcs emitted in Jupiter's southern hemisphere (including multiple arcs or arcs exhibiting abrupt changes of shape), which permits to obtain a statistical determination of the emitting field line localization (lead angle) relative to the instantaneous Io field line, and of the emitting particle velocities or energies. Variations of these parameters relative to Io's longitude are also measured and compared to the location of the UV footprints of the Io-Jupiter interaction. It is shown that the data are better organized in a reference frame attached to the UV spot resulting from the main Alfvén wing resulting from the Io-Jupiter interaction. It is proposed that the radio arcs are related to the first reflected Alfvén wing rather than to the main one.  相似文献   

The Upper Middle Rhine Valley as a risk area     

Jörg Grunert  Sigrid Hess 《Natural Hazards》2010,55(3):577-597

The Upper Middle Rhine Valley, granted the status of a World Heritage site, is well known for its unique inner narrow valley of Quaternary age with its historical legacy of numerous medieval castles and old towns. Less known is that this has always been a risk area of floods and gravitative mass movements. Up to the recent past, mainly ice floods caused enormous damage. The inhabitants of the valley were well aware that they lived in a risk area, but they had learned to handle the flood hazard. With the demise of ice floods over the last 40 years, due to climate change and because of the additional heating of the river water by power plants, the awareness of flood hazards has been much diminished, in contrast to that of potential damage by rockfalls and landslides which were also much feared in the past, though at the local level only. Still in the people’s memory is the Kaub catastrophe of March 10, 1876, when 28 persons were killed by a landslide. Nowadays, even minor rockfalls are a major threat, as they will affect the much-used traffic lines on both banks of the river, in particular the railroads. Therefore, since 2002, on behalf of German Rail (Deutsche Bahn, DB), all problematic slopes have been protected by costly steel-ring nets, although they are an aesthetic problem by UNESCO standards. The feeling of absolute safety created among the public is only subjective, though, as planners are well aware of. Moreover, the impact of modern climate change on slope stability is nearly unknown. Therefore, it is still necessary to develop a risk map for the narrow valley, with emphasis on gravitational hazards.  相似文献   

A broad‐scale assessment of the effect of improved soil management on catchment baseflow index     

I. P. Holman  T. M. Hess  S. C. Rose 《水文研究》2011,25(16):2563-2572

Although the importance of sustainable soil management is recognized, there are many threats to soils including widespread soil structural degradation. This reduces infiltration through the soil surface and/or the percolation of water through the soil profile, with important consequences for crop yields, nutrient cycling and the hydrological response of catchments. This article describes a broad‐scale modelling approach to assess the potential effect that improved agricultural soil management, through reduced soil structural degradation, may have on the baseflow index (BFI) of catchments across England and Wales. A daily soil–water balance model was used to simulate the indicative BFI of 45 696 thirty‐year model runs for different combinations of soil type, soil/field condition, land cover class and climate which encapsulate the variability across England and Wales. The indicative BFI of catchments was then calculated by upscaling the results by spatial weighting. WaSim model outputs of indicative BFI were within the 95% confidence intervals of the national‐average BFI values given for the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST ? ) classes for 26 of the 28 classes. At the catchment scale, the concordance correlation coefficient between the BFI from the WaSim model outputs and those derived from HOST was 0·83. Plausible improvements in agricultural soil/field condition produced modest simulated increases of up to 10% in the indicative BFI in most catchments across England and Wales, although for much of southern and northern England the increases were less than 5%. The results suggest that improved soil management might partially mitigate the expected adverse effects of climate change on baseflow to rivers. Healthy, well‐functioning soils produce many additional benefits such as better agricultural yields and reduced pollutant movement, so improved soil management should provide win‐win opportunities for society, agricultural systems and the environment and provide resilience to some of the expected environmental impacts of climate change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Areas of Polar Coronal Holes from 1996 Through 2010     

S. A. Hess Webber  N. Karna  W. D. Pesnell  M. S. Kirk 《Solar physics》2014,289(11):4047-4067

Polar coronal holes (PCHs) trace the magnetic variability of the Sun throughout the solar cycle. Their size and evolution have been studied as proxies for the global magnetic field. We present measurements of the PCH areas from 1996 through 2010, derived from an updated perimeter-tracing method and two synoptic-map methods. The perimeter-tracing method detects PCH boundaries along the solar limb, using full-disk images from the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory/Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SOHO/EIT). One synoptic-map method uses the line-of-sight magnetic field from the SOHO/Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) to determine the unipolarity boundaries near the poles. The other method applies thresholding techniques to synoptic maps created from EUV image data from EIT. The results from all three methods suggest that the solar maxima and minima of the two hemispheres are out of phase. The maximum PCH area, averaged over the methods in each hemisphere, is approximately 6 % during both solar minima spanned by the data (between Solar Cycles 22/23 and 23/24). The northern PCH area began a declining trend in 2010, suggesting a downturn toward the maximum of Solar Cycle 24 in that hemisphere, while the southern hole remained large throughout 2010.  相似文献