Weathering and biokarst development on marine terraces,northwest Morocco     

Michael J. Duane  Ali T. AL‐Mishwat  Mohammed Rafique 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(13):1439-1449

Weathering features are described from an arid coastal area in northern Morocco which are indicative of invasive chasmolithic and endolithic microbial communities. Active weathering of marine terraces and karst development is associated with endolithic and epilithic algae responsible for boring, disintegration of matrix and mineral fabrics, solution and biomineralization that undermines the marine carbonate platform. Evidence of a range of biological weathering agents remains preserved, speci?cally calci?ed ?laments and sporangial material. An abundance of ?laments and spores representative of a consortium of algae, fungi, cyanobacteria and lichens is associated with the most denuded outcrops. The array of microbes contributes to the formation of the stromatolites to depths of 0·5 m within the limestone substrate. The preservation of stromatolites is supported by calci?cation of spores and ?laments, with trapping and binding of carbonate held in suspension by vadose waters. The pervasive weathering on this sector of coastline has important practical implications for coastal planning and development authorities in Morocco. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sedimentary Basins in the Western White Nile, Sudan, as Indicated by a Gravity Survey     

Mohammed I A  Wang Jiaying  Liu Tianyou  Farwa A G 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2002,13(3)

An academic geophysical research as a regional gravity survey was made during 1994 in the Western White Nile to infer the shallow crustal structures in the area. The result of the survey was compiled as a Bouguer anomaly map with a contour interval of 2 ×10-5m/s2. It is found that the negative residual anomalies are related to the Upper Cretaceous sediments (Nubian Sandstone Formation) filling all depressions in the Basement complex surface while the positive residual anomalies are attributed to the relatively shallow or outcropping Basement rocks and the steep gravity gradients are resulting from the sharp contacts between the sedimentary infill and the Basement rocks. To define the geological structures in the area, 9 profiles were studied. For each of the profiles, measured and computed Bouguer gravity anomalies, crustal density model, subsurface geology evaluation were performed. A G-model computer program was applied in the gravity modeling, which is based on the line-integral method of gravity computation. A geological/structural map was proposed showing inferred sedimentary basins, faulting troughs and uplifted Basement block and tectonic trends. The basins are believed to be fault-controlled which developed by extensional tectonics (pull-apart mechanism). As for the mechanism and cause of faulting, the area is considered as a part of the Central Sudan rift system which had been subjected to several tectonic events since Early Cambrian to Tertiary times which resulted in the formation of several fracture systems associated with block subsidence, rifting and basin formation.  相似文献   

Contribution à l'étude d'une partie du bassin d'Essaouira (Maroc) par sismique réflexionContribution to part of the Essaouira Basin (Morocco) by seismic reflection     

Mohammed Jaffal  Azzouz Kchikach  Jean-Pierre Lefort  Lahoucine Hanich 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(4):229-234

A large number of seismic reflection lines and boreholes have been carried out in the Essaouira Basin by the oil industry. The present study concentrates on the reinterpretation of these data in the restricted area of Khemis Meskala, in order to better characterise the structure of the Cretaceous aquiferous system. The reflector corresponding to the bottom of the Vraconian formation has been identified on the different seismic sections. This horizon, which marks the base of the aquiferous system, was first digitised on time migration sections and then converted to depth sections using a suitable linear velocity law. The isobath map of the bottom of the Vraconian resulting from this study images the 3D geometrical structure of this horizon and shows that it is slightly folded in domes and basins. This document will be useful for rationalising the future hydrogeological researches that will be undertaken in the Khemis Meskala area. To cite this article: M. Jaffal et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 229–234.  相似文献   

Interprétation hydrogéologique de l'aquifère des bassins sud-rifains (Maroc) : apport de la sismique réflexion     

Lahcen Zouhri  Christian Gorini  Christian Lamouroux  Daniel Vachard  Mohammed Dakki 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(3):319-326

The aquifer of the Rharb Basin is constituted by heterogeneous material. The seismic reflexion interpretation carried out in this area, highlighted a permeable device compartmentalized in raised and subsided blocks. Depressions identified in the northern and southernmost zones are characterized by Plio-Quaternary fillings that are favourable to the hydrogeological exploitation. Two mechanisms contribute to structure the Plio-Quaternary aquifer: the Hercynian reactivation in the southernmost part, and the gravitational mechanism of the Pre-Rifean nappe. The groundwater flow and the aquifer thickening are controlled by this reactivation.  相似文献   

Sand Dunes Fixation in Baiji District,Iraq     

AyadMohammedFadhil 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2002,13(1):67-72

This study was carried out at Sand Dunes Stabilization Researches Station in Baiji district (230km north of Baghdad,Iraq) to evaluate the effects of local soil conditioners manufactured from oil derivatives and plant residuals on sand dunes fixation as the first step for sand dunes stabilization.The results indicate that the fuel oil has the first place in improving wind erosion parameters in the study area,such as increasing mean weight diameter,dry aggregates percentage,the needed time for complete disaggregation by dry sieving,and decreasing the disaggregation rates.Bitumen emulsion occupies the second place ,while the plant residuals occupies the third place and has slight effects on the studied pa-rameters.Effects of conditioners on natural vegetation cover are negative in oil derivatives treatments,while positive in plants residuals treatments.  相似文献   

Estimation of chlorophyll fluorescence under natural illumination from hyperspectral data     

Pablo J Zarco-Tejada  John R Miller  Gina H Mohammed  Thomas L Noland  Paul H Sampson 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2001,3(4):321

This paper reports a series of laboratory and field measurements of spectral reflectance under artificial and natural light conditions which demonstrate that effects of natural chlorophyll fluorescence are observable in the reflectance red edge spectral region. These are results from the progress made to link physiologically-based indicators to optical indices from hyperspectral remote sensing in the Bioindicators of Forest Sustainability Project. This study is carried out on twelve sites of Acer saccharum M. in the Algoma Region, Ontario (Canada), where field measurements, laboratory-simulation experiments, and hyperspectral CASI imagery have been carried out in 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000 campaigns. Leaf samples from the study sites have been used for reflectance and transmittance measurements with the Li-Cor Model 1800 integrating sphere apparatus coupled to an Ocean Optics Model ST1000 fibre spectrometer in which the same leaves are illuminated alternatively with and without fluorescence-exciting radiation. A study of the diurnal change in leaf reflectance spectra, combined with fluorescence measurements with the PAM-2000 Fluorometer show that the difference spectra are consistent with observed diurnal changes in steady-state fluorescence. Small canopies of Acer saccharum M. have been used for laboratory measurements with the CASI hyperspectral sensor, and under natural light conditions with a fibre spectrometer in diurnal trials, in which the variation of measured reflectance is shown experimentally to be consistent with a fluorescence signature imposed on the inherent leaf reflectance signature. Such reflectance changes due to CF are measurable under natural illumination conditions, although airborne experiments with the CASI hyperspectral sensor produced promising but less convincing results in two diurnal experiments carried out in 1999 and 2000, where small variations of reflectance due to the effect of CF were observed.  相似文献   

Contribution de la gravimétrie à l'étude de la structure du bassin de Tadla (Maroc) : Implications hydrogéologiques     

Abdessamad Najine  Mohammed Jaffal  Kamal El Khammari  Tahar Aïfa  Driss Khattach  Mahjoub Himi  Albert Casas  Said Badrane  Hicham Aqil 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(10):676-682

This study is based on the analysis and the interpretation of the gravity data of the Tadla basin. Its purpose is to increase the knowledge of this basin structure. A residual anomaly map was first calculated from the Bouguer anomaly data witch are strongly affected by a regional gradient. The computed map provides information on the ground density variation but it does not bring enough of new elements. Data filtering allows us to emphasize the structures affecting the basin. We chose the horizontal gradient coupled to the upward continuation techniques that permit to highlight news structures and to give information on their dip. The elaborated structural map of the study area constitutes a useful document for rationalizing the future groundwater exploration in the Tadla basin. To cite this article: A. Najine et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).  相似文献   

Aeromagnetic map constrains cratonization of the Arabian Shield     

Pierre Nehlig  Fawsia Asfirane  Antonin Genna  Catherine Guerrot  Nadège Nicol  Ignace Salpeteur  Mohammed Shanti  & Denis Thiéblemont 《地学学报》2001,13(5):347-353

A new aeromagnetic map together with new geological and geochronological data has led to a reinterpretation of the geological history of the Arabian Shield.
The magnetic anomalies outline an orogenic complex containing a network of mostly left-lateral strike-slip faults, including the Nabitah Belt and several peripheral mountain ranges. Oblique accretion resulted in obliteration of early volcanic-arc magnetic fabrics, which were almost completely replaced by a NW–SE magnetic fabric in the northern Shield; the southern Shield, however, reveals extensive E–W anomalies related to post-accretion magmatic intrusions. This complex web of orogenic zones is intimately associated with synchronous molasse basins that formed 680–610 Ma.
The distribution and chronology of orogenic zones, related to the closing of East and West Gondwana, brings into question several earlier assumptions, such as high continental growth rates, palaeogeodynamic reconstructions, the definitions of the Nabitah and Najd faults, and the significance of molasse basins.  相似文献   

Identification of changes in floods and flood regimes in Canada using a peaks over threshold approach          下载免费PDF全文

Donald H. Burn  Paul H. Whitfield  Mohammed Sharif 《水文研究》2016,30(18):3303-3314

Recent flood events in Canada have led to speculation that changes in flood behaviour are occurring; these changes have often been attributed to climate change. This paper examines flood data for a collection of 132 gauging stations in Canada. All of these watersheds are part of the Canadian Reference Hydrometric Basin Network (RHBN), a group of gauging stations specifically assembled to assist in the identification of the impacts of climate change. The RHBN stations are considered to have good quality data and were screened to avoid the influences of regulation, diversions, or land use change. Daily flow data for each watershed are used to derive a peaks over threshold (POT) dataset. Several measures of flood behaviour are examined based on the POT data, which afford a more in‐depth analysis of flood behaviour than can be obtained using annual maxima data. Analysis is conducted for four time periods ranging from 50 to 80 years in duration; the latter period results in a much smaller number of watersheds that have data for the period. The changes in flood responses of the watersheds are summarized by grouping the watersheds by size (small, medium, and large) and also by hydrologic regime (nival, mixed, and pluvial). The results provide important insights into the nature of the changes that are occurring in flood regimes of Canadian rivers, which include more flood exceedances, reduced maximum flood exceedance magnitudes for snowmelt events, and earlier flood events. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The Quaternary development of tributary channels to the Nile River at Kom Ombo area,Eastern Desert of Egypt,and their implication for groundwater resources     

Mohammed El Bastawesy  Abdallah Faid  El Sayed El Gammal 《水文研究》2010,24(13):1856-1865

The dry wadis ‘ephemeral channel’ constituting the main tributaries to the Nile River in Kom Ombo are structurally and tectonically controlled and exhibit complex drainage pattern. This complicated drainage pattern is inherited from the morpho‐tectonic evolution of the ancestral Nile River (‘Protonile’), which drained the Eastern Desert during the Middle Pleistocene. A digital elevation model derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data is used to delineate the contemporary drainage networks and their catchments. Satellite images acquired during a flash flood event were used to validate the delineated watershed divides and flow pathways, particularly where the courses of dry wadis are interlocked. Currently, the westward flow of Wadi Abu‐Suberah is derived from a small area in the Eastern Desert, as the palaeo‐upper reaches of this wadi were captured due to tectonic movements along NW/SE and N/S faults by wadis in the Kharit and Elewa areas. The influence of these tectonic movements on groundwater distribution is also shown where the deep Nubian aquifer discharges its water into the Quaternary aquifer through fault planes. The northward flowing ‘Protonile’ main course has tectonically shifted from the Gallaba plain in the Western Desert, eastward to the current Nile River course. This shift has produced several cut‐off segments of the palaeo‐tributary drainage that was originally flowing westward towards the old ‘Protonile’ main course in the Gallaba plain. However, these segments have reversed their surface run‐off flow directions eastward towards the current Nile course; they could include potential groundwater resources, as their alluvium may be still recharged by the Nile River. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献