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201.
While the elemental chemistry of marine mollusk shells contains valuable environmental information, extending these interpretations to freshwater bivalve shells may be problematic, given the wide range of aqueous chemistries that exist in freshwater environments. To better understand the significance of these records, 20 bivalves were collected from four freshwater streams to determine the geochemical relationships that exist between the bivalve shell and their sources streams. The concentrations of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and calcium (Ca) were analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry across the inner (INL) and outer nacreous layer (ONL) of each shell for comparison to stream data collected over the period of shell growth. Within an individual shell, the content of Mn, Sr, and Ba were significantly higher in the INL than the ONL, while Cu concentrations were similar. Strontium and Ba concentrations co-varied between the two layers in 1:1 relationships, while Mn displayed a preferential enrichment in the INL that increased from 2:1 to 5:1 as the Mn content of the shell decreased. Each elemental profile can be correlated between shell layers, except for the trace element Cu, which appeared to be more closely related to the organic content of the shell. These results suggest that the major element geochemistry of the shell layers differentially reflect the aqueous chemistry of the water in which a bivalve lived, but that these records are most likely overprinted by physiological processes specific to the mantle tissue from which a particular shell layer is secreted. Distribution coefficients (shell M /Ca:water M /Ca, where M?=?trace element of interest) were calculated using the median molar elemental concentration for each shell (by layer), and the appropriate water concentration. Bivalves from a contaminated site were excluded from this analysis because their shells were anomalous in size and color. For the remaining 15 shells, distribution coefficients (INL and ONL) were: Mn (0.50 and 0.21), Sr (0.26 and 0.17), and Ba (0.05: INL only). Inner nacreous layer values were comparable to the upper end of published estimates for freshwater bivalves and fish otoliths, while the ONL values were comparable to the lower range of values. Inclusion of shells from the contaminated site resulted in the calculation of distribution coefficients that fell outside the range of published estimates. These results suggest that exposure to pollutants may have a bearing on the biological factors that control the elemental concentration of bivalve shells in freshwater environments. While researchers generally avoid sampling shell material from the INL because of the potential for shell dissolution, the similarity in elemental profile trends observed here suggests that both the INL and ONL record accurate geochemical information, but in distinct forms. An obvious advantage of INL analysis is the relative increase in elemental concentration, but this is afforded at the expense of spatial resolution. Considered collectively, these results suggest that valuable information can be gleaned from the elemental concentration of freshwater bivalve shells when care is taken in the choice of material from which these records are extracted. 相似文献
202.
Stefano Brighenti Monica Tolotti Maria Cristina Bruno Michael Engel Geraldene Wharton Leonardo Cerasino Volkmar Mair Walter Bertoldi 《水文研究》2019,33(21):2804-2823
Human‐accelerated climate change is quickly leading to glacier‐free mountains, with consequences for the ecology and hydrology of alpine river systems. Water origin (i.e., glacier, snowmelt, precipitation, and groundwater) is a key control on multiple facets of alpine stream ecosystems, because it drives the physico‐chemical template of the habitat in which ecological communities reside and interact and ecosystem processes occur. Accordingly, distinct alpine stream types and associated communities have been identified. However, unlike streams fed by glaciers (i.e., kryal), groundwater (i.e., krenal), and snowmelt/precipitation (i.e., rhithral), those fed by rock glaciers are still poorly documented. We characterized the physical and chemical features of these streams and investigated the influence of rock glaciers on the habitat template of alpine river networks. We analysed two subcatchments in a deglaciating area of the Central European Alps, where rock glacier‐fed, groundwater‐fed, and glacier‐fed streams are all present. We monitored the spatial, seasonal, and diel variability of physical conditions (i.e., water temperature, turbidity, channel stability, and discharge) and chemical variables (electrical conductivity, major ions, and trace element concentrations) during the snowmelt, glacier ablation, and flow recession periods of two consecutive years. We observed distinct physical and chemical conditions and seasonal responses for the different stream types. Rock glacial streams were characterized by very low and constant water temperatures, stable channels, clear waters, and high concentrations of ions and trace elements that increased as summer progressed. Furthermore, one rock glacier strongly influenced the habitat template of downstream waters due to high solute export, especially in late summer under increased permafrost thaw. Given their unique set of environmental conditions, we suggest that streams fed by thawing rock glaciers are distinct river habitats that differ from those normally classified for alpine streams. Rock glaciers may become increasingly important in shaping the hydroecology of alpine river systems under continued deglaciation. 相似文献
203.
Lilja R. Bjarnadóttir Denise C. Rüther Monica C. M. Winsborrow Karin Andreassen 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2013,42(1):84-107
A marine geophysical study reveals a complex deglaciation pattern in the Kveithola trough, W Barents Sea. The data set includes multibeam swath bathymetry and sub‐bottom sediment profiler (chirp) data acquired for the whole extent of a palaeo, marine‐terminating ice stream, along with high‐resolution single‐channel seismic data from chosen profiles. The multibeam data show a geomorphic landform assemblage characteristic of ice streams. The results of a combination of seismic and chirp unit stratigraphy reveal that the seabed geomorphology is governed by a deeper‐lying reflector. The reflector dominates surface expressions of several subglacial and ice‐marginal units, each connected to a separate episode of ice‐margin stillstand/advance. Analysis of the combined data set has resulted in a conceptual model of the ice‐stream retreat. The model depicts complex deglaciation of a small, confined ice‐stream system through episodic retreat. It describes the formation of several generations of grounding‐zone systems, characterized by high meltwater discharges and the deposition of fine‐grained grounding‐line fans. The inferred style of grounding‐zone deposition in Kveithola deviates from that of other accounts, and is suggested to be intermediate in the previously described continuum between morainal banks and grounding‐line wedges. The results of this paper have implications for grounding‐zone theory and should be of interest to modellers of grounding‐line dynamics and ice‐stream retreat. 相似文献
204.
Alteration minerals,fluids, and gases on early Mars: Predictions from 1‐D flow geochemical modeling of mineral assemblages in meteorite ALH 84001 下载免费PDF全文
Mohit Melwani Daswani Susanne P. Schwenzer Mark H. Reed Ian P. Wright Monica M. Grady 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2016,51(11):2154-2174
Clay minerals, although ubiquitous on the ancient terrains of Mars, have not been observed in Martian meteorite Allan Hills (ALH) 84001, which is an orthopyroxenite sample of the early Martian crust with a secondary carbonate assemblage. We used a low‐temperature (20 °C) one‐dimensional (1‐D) transport thermochemical model to investigate the possible aqueous alteration processes that produced the carbonate assemblage of ALH 84001 while avoiding the coprecipitation of clay minerals. We found that the carbonate in ALH 84001 could have been produced in a process, whereby a low‐temperature (~20 °C) fluid, initially equilibrated with the early Martian atmosphere, moved through surficial clay mineral and silica‐rich layers, percolated through the parent rock of the meteorite, and precipitated carbonates (thereby decreasing the partial pressure of CO2) as it evaporated. This finding requires that before encountering the unweathered orthopyroxenite host of ALH 84001, the fluid permeated rock that became weathered during the process. We were able to predict the composition of the clay minerals formed during weathering, which included the dioctahedral smectite nontronite, kaolinite, and chlorite, all of which have been previously detected on Mars. We also calculated host rock replacement in local equilibrium conditions by the hydrated silicate talc, which is typically considered to be a higher temperature hydrothermal phase on Earth, but may have been a common constituent in the formation of Martian soils through pervasive aqueous alteration. Finally, goethite and magnetite were also found to precipitate in the secondary alteration assemblage, the latter associated with the generation of H2. Apparently, despite the limited water–rock interaction that must have led to the formation of the carbonates ~ 3.9 Ga ago, in the vicinity of the ALH 84001 source rocks, clay formation would have been widespread. 相似文献
205.
206.
John H. Cushman Moongyu Park Monica Moroni Natalie Kleinfelter-Domelle Daniel O��Malley 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2011,25(1):1-10
When formulated properly, most geophysical transport-type process involving passive scalars or motile particles may be described
by the same space–time nonlocal field equation which consists of a classical mass balance coupled with a space–time nonlocal
convective/dispersive flux. Specific examples employed here include stretched and compressed Brownian motion, diffusion in
slit-nanopores, subdiffusive continuous-time random walks (CTRW), super diffusion in the turbulent atmosphere and dispersion
of motile and passive particles in fractal porous media. Stretched and compressed Brownian motion, which may be thought of
as Brownian motions run with nonlinear clocks, are defined as the limit processes of a special class of random walks possessing
nonstationary increments. The limit process has a mean square displacement that increases as tα+1 where α > −1 is a constant. If α = 0 the process is classical Brownian, if α < 0 we say the process is compressed Brownian while
if α > 0 it is stretched. The Fokker–Planck equations for these processes are classical ade’s with dispersion coefficient
proportional to tα. The Brownian-type walks have fixed time step, but nonstationary spatial increments that are Gaussian with power law variance.
With the CTRW, both the time increment and the spatial increment are random. The subdiffusive Fokker–Planck equation is fractional
in time for the CTRW’s considered in this article. The second moments for a Levy spatial trajectory are infinite while the
Fokker–Planck equation is an advective–dispersive equation, ade, with constant diffusion coefficient and fractional spatial
derivatives. If the Lagrangian velocity is assumed Levy rather than the position, then a similar Fokker–Planck equation is
obtained, but the diffusion coefficient is a power law in time. All these Fokker–Planck equations are special cases of the
general non-local balance law. 相似文献
207.
Michele Rebesco Yanguang Liu Angelo Camerlenghi Monica Winsborrow Jan Sverre Laberg Andrea Caburlotto Paolo Diviacco Daniela Accettella Chiara Sauli Nigel Wardell Isabella Tomini 《Marine Geology》2011,279(1-4):141-147
Kveithola Trough, an E–W trending glacial trough in the NW Barents Sea, was surveyed for the first time during the EGLACOM cruise of R/V OGS-Explora in summer 2008. Swath bathymetry shows that the seafloor is characterized by E–W trending mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGL) that record a fast flowing ice stream draining the Svalbard/Barents Sea Ice Sheet (SBIS) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). MSGL are overprinted by transverse sediment ridges about 15 km apart which give rise to a staircase axial profile of the trough. Such transverse ridges are interpreted to be grounding-zone wedges (GZWs) formed by deposition of subglacial till during episodic ice stream retreat. Sub-bottom (CHIRP) and multi-channel reflection seismic data show that the present-day morphology is largely inherited from the palaeo-seafloor topography at the time of deposition of the transverse ridges, overlain by a draping glaciomarine unit which in places is over 15 m thick. Our data allow the reconstruction of depositional processes which accompanied deglaciation of the Spitsbergen Bank area. The sedimentary drape deposited on top of the GZWs is suggested to have accumulated at a very high rate, (on average in the order of 1–1.5 m ka?1) and therefore may potentially preserve a high-resolution palaeoclimatic record of deglaciation and post-glacial conditions in this sector of the Barents Sea. 相似文献
208.
Helen Bennion Gavin L. Simpson N. John Anderson Gina Clarke Xuhui Dong Anders Hob?k Piero Guilizzoni Aldo Marchetto Carl D. Sayer Hansj?rg Thies Monica Tolotti 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2011,45(4):415-431
This paper aims to determine the ecological and chemical reference conditions (~1800?C1850 AD) and degree of floristic change at nine enriched lakes, covering a range of types across Europe, using fossil diatom assemblages in dated sediment cores and application of total phosphorus (TP) transfer functions. Additionally the study assesses the potential of analogue matching as a technique for identifying reference sites and for estimating reference TP concentrations for the study lakes using a training set of 347 European lakes and 719 diatom taxa. Oligotrophic, acidophilous to circumneutral taxa were predominant in the reference samples of several of the deep lakes, and benthic Fragilaria spp. dominated the reference samples of two high alkalinity shallow lakes. The degree of floristic change from the reference sample, assessed using the squared chord distance (SCD) dissimilarity coefficient, revealed that two sites had experienced slight change (Lago Maggiore, Felbrigg Lake), five experienced moderate change (Mjoesa, Loch Davan, Loch Leven, White Lough, Esthwaite Water), and two showed evidence of major change (Groby Pool, Piburger See). For three lakes, there were no analogues in the diatom dataset owing to the uniqueness and diversity of the diatom reference assemblages. For the remaining six sites the number of analogues ranged from 2 to 44. For two deep lakes most of the analogues seemed appropriate as they were of the same type and had low TP concentrations. However, for two other deep lakes and two shallow lakes some of the analogues differed markedly in their depth and alkalinity from the lake in question or had TP concentrations seemingly too high to represent reference conditions suggesting that the analogues may not be suitable as reference sites. For the deep lakes, similar reference TP values were calculated using the EDDI Combined TP transfer function and the analogue matching technique with concentrations typically <20 ??g L?1. However, for the shallow lakes, the analogue matching method produced inferred values considerably higher than those of the transfer function. The wide ecological tolerances of many of the diatom taxa found in the reference samples most likely explain the selection of inappropriate analogue sites. In summary, the study demonstrates that palaeoecological techniques can play a valuable role in determining reference conditions and indicates that the analogue matching technique has the potential to be a useful tool for identifying appropriate reference sites for lakes impacted by eutrophication. 相似文献
209.
A. MORLOK Y. C. SUTTON N. St. J. BRAITHWAITE Monica M. GRADY 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2012,47(12):2269-2280
We are investigating chondrule formation by nebular shock waves, using hot plasma as an analog of the heated gas produced by a shock wave as it passes through the protoplanetary environment. Precursor material (mainly silicates, plus metal, and sulfide) was dropped through the plasma in a basic experimental set‐up designed to simulate gas–grain collisions in an unconstrained spatial environment (i.e., no interaction with furnace walls during formation). These experiments were undertaken in air (at atmospheric pressure), to act as a “proof‐of‐principle”—could chondrules, or chondrule‐analog objects (CAO), be formed by gas–grain interaction initiated by shock fronts? Our results showed that if accelerating material through a fixed plasma field is a valid simulation of a supersonic shock wave traveling through a cloud of gas and dust, then CAO certainly could be formed by this process. Melting of and mixing between starting materials occurred, indicating temperatures of at least 1266 °C (the olivine‐feldspar eutectic). The production of CAO with mixed mineralogy from monomineralic starting materials also shows that collisions between particles are an important mechanism within the chondrule formation process, such that dust aggregates are not necessarily required as chondrule precursors. Not surprisingly, there were significant differences between the synthetic CAO and natural chondrules, presumably mainly because of the oxidizing conditions of the experiment. Results also show similarity to features of micrometeorites like cosmic spherules, particularly the dendritic pattern of iron oxide crystallites produced on micrometeorites by oxidation during atmospheric entry and the formation of vesicles by evaporation of sulfides. 相似文献
210.
The influence of slope aspect on the distribution of landslides was studied in the Milia and Roglio basins in Tuscany, Italy. For each basin, the new Tuscany region landslide inventory that was initiated in 2010 was used. The landslides were split into separate datasets based on their prevailing movement typology. To assess the results that were obtained from the different slope aspect values, maps of the lithology, slope angle, distances to streams, and distances to tectonic lineaments were included in the bivariate statistical analysis as comparison terms. For each basin, all of the geo-environmental factor maps were compared with the different landslide typologies with GIS software. Pearson's Chi2 (χ2) coefficient was used to test the degree of spatial association between each predictor variable and landslide type. In addition, Cramer's V test was used to quantify the strength of the degree of association. Next, a conditional analysis was applied to all of the possible combinations that occurred between the slope aspect and other landslide-predisposing factors. Overall, the slope aspect significantly affected the distribution of superficial landslide types, but apparently not that of other landslide types. 相似文献