COMSOL Multiphysics: A Novel Approach to Ground Water Modeling     

reviewed byQi Li  Kazumasa Ito  Zhishen Wu  Christopher S. Lowry  Steven P. Loheide II 《Ground water》2009,47(4):480-487

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Phase boundary between ilmenite and perovskite structures in MnGeO3 determined by in situ X-ray diffraction measurements     

Daisuke Yamazaki  Eiji Ito  Yoshinori Tange  Takashi Yoshino  Shuangmeng Zhai  Hiroshi Fukui  Anton Shatskiy  Tomoo Katsura  Ken-ichi Funakoshi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(4):269-273

In situ X-ray observations of the phase transition from ilmenite to perovskite structure in MnGeO₃ were carried out in a Kawai-type high-pressure apparatus interfaced with synchrotron radiation. The phase boundary between the ilmenite and perovskite structures in the temperature range of 700–1,400°C was determined to be P (GPa) = 16.5(±0.6) − 0.0034(±0.0006)T (°C) based on Anderson’s gold pressure scale. The Clapeyron slope, dP/dT, determined in this study is consistent with that for the transition boundary between the ilmenite and the perovskite structure in MgSiO₃.  相似文献   

Borehole water and hydrologic model around the Nojima fault, SW Japan     

K. Fujimoto  A. Ueda  T. Ohtani  M. Takahashi  H. Ito  H. Tanaka  Anne-Marie Boullier 《Tectonophysics》2007,443(3-4):174

The active fault drilling at Nojima Hirabayashi after the 1995 Hyogoken-nanbu (Kobe) earthquake (M_JMA = 7.2) provides us with a unique opportunity to investigate subsurface fault structure and the in-situ properties of fault and fluid. The borehole intersected the fault gouge of the Nojima fault at a depth interval of 623 m to 625 m. The lithology is mostly Cretaceous granodiorite with some porphyry dikes.The fault core is highly permeable due to fracturing. The borehole water was sampled in 1996 and 2000 from the depth interval between 630 and 650 m, just below the fault core. The chemical and isotopic compositions were analyzed. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of carbonates from the fault core were analyzed to estimate the origin of fluid.The following conclusions were obtained. (1) The ionic and isotopic compositions of borehole water did not change from 1996 to 2000. They are mostly derived from local ground water as mentioned by Sato and Takahashi [Sato, T., Takahashi, M., 2000. Chemical and isotopic compositions of groundwater obtained from the Hirabayashi well. Geological Survey of Japan Interim Report No. EQ/00/1, 187–192.]. (2) Geochemical speciation revealed that the borehole water was derived from a relatively deep reservoir, which may be situated at a depth of 3 to 4 km where the temperature is about 80–90 °C. (3) The shallower part of the Nojima fault (shallower than the reservoir depth) has not been healed from the hydrological viewpoints 5 years after the event, in contrast to the rapid healing detected by S wave splitting [Tadokoro, K., Ando, M., 2002. Evidence for rapid fault healing derived from temporal changes in S wave splitting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 10.1029/2001GL013644.]. (4) Precipitation of calcite from the present borehole water since drilling supports the idea of precipitation of some calcite in coseismic hydraulic fractures in the fault core [Boullier, A-M., Fujimoto, K., Ohtani, T., Roman-Ross, G., Lewin, E., Ito, H., Pezard, P., Ildefonse, B., 2004. Textural evidence for recent co-seismic circulation of fluids in the Nojima fault zone, Awaji Island, Japan., Tectonophysics, 378, 165–181.]. (5) Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of calcite indicated that the meteoric water flux had been localized at the fault core. (6) A difference in the carbon isotope ratio between the footwall and the hanging wall suggests that the fault has been acted as a hydrologic barrier, although the permeability along the fault is still high.  相似文献   

Remanent magnetization of Precambrian and Cretaceous kimberlites in South Africa     

H. Ito  K. Tokieda  K. Suwa  S. Kume 《Geophysical Journal International》1978,55(1):123-130

Summary. Middle Precambrian and Cretaceous kimberlites were collected from three sites (Premier, Montrose and National) and two sites (Wesselton and Koffyfontein) in South Africa respectively. The natural remanent magnetization of these rocks remains stable to both alternating field and thermal demagnetization. The virtual geomagnetic pole-positions derived from the directions of stable remanence of the Precambrian rocks can be correlated with palaeomagnetic poles obtained from other Middle-Late Precambrian rocks in Africa. The Cretaceous poles for the Wesselton and the Koffyfontein rocks coincide with other Cretaceous poles.  相似文献   

structure of south-western Honshu, Japan and the nature of the Mohorovicić discontinuity     

Michio Hashizume  Kiyoshi Ito  Toshikatsu Yoshii 《Geophysical Journal International》1981,66(1):157-168

Summary. Two record sections have been prepared for a series of explosions near Lake Biwa, south-western Honshu, Japan. The record sections cover both the array stations and the network of microearthquake stations that are distributed throughout the area. This enabled us to detect for the first time in the Japanese islands the phase reflected at the Mohorovicić discontinuity. Until now the weakness and obscurity of the phase has made it difficult to detect. We were able to overcome this problem by processing the seismograms to enhance the phase. Our work leads us to propose that the surface of the Mohorović discontinuity may be divided into pieces by a number of deep faults, while a thin layer of ultrabasic rock in the lower crust may account for the weakness of the signal.  相似文献   

Relationship of Mn-carbonates in varved lake-sediments to catchment vegetation in Big Watab Lake, MN, USA     

Lora Stevens  Emi Ito  David Olson 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2000,24(2):199-211

Mn-carbonates are documented in the late-glacial varved sediments from Big Watab Lake, Minnesota, USA. The Mn-carbonate is authigenic and forms rims around contemporaneous epilimnetic calcite. Although such carbonates are found in minor amounts throughout the entire late-glacial sequence, significant quantities of Mn-carbonate are associated mainly with laminated intervals.Because of the suspected difference in isotopic fractionation between different carbonate minerals, the stable-isotopic compositions of bulk carbonate samples are used as a proxy for relative amounts of the Mn-carbonate in the sediment. High ¹⁸O and low ¹³C values are associated with abundant Mn-carbonates. Low ¹⁸O and high ¹³C values are associated with only minor concentrations of Mn-carbonates.The oxygen-18 record is correlated with fluctuations in the vegetation assemblage based on pollen spectra using a multiple regression model with backward elimination. The proposed link between the sedimentary archive and local vegetation is the mediation of advective mixing in the lake by forest composition. In this model, periods of forest closure resulted in a well-stratified water column that was anoxic at the sediment/water interface, permitting the formation of authigenic Mn-carbonates. Openings of Artemisia in the forest allowed wind shear to mix oxygen to depth, causing bioturbation of the laminations and preventing the formation of Mn-carbonate.  相似文献   

Climate-related uncertainties in projections of the twenty-first century terrestrial carbon budget: off-line model experiments using IPCC greenhouse-gas scenarios and AOGCM climate projections     

Akihiko Ito 《Climate Dynamics》2005,24(5):435-448

A terrestrial ecosystem model (Sim-CYCLE) was driven by multiple climate projections to investigate uncertainties in predicting the interactions between global environmental change and the terrestrial carbon cycle. Sim-CYCLE has a spatial resolution of 0.5°, and mechanistically evaluates photosynthetic and respiratory CO₂ exchange. Six scenarios for atmospheric-CO₂ concentrations in the twenty-first century, proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, were considered. For each scenario, climate projections by a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) were used to assess the uncertainty due to socio-economic predictions. Under a single CO₂ scenario, climate projections with seven AOGCMs were used to investigate the uncertainty stemming from uncertainty in the climate simulations. Increases in global photosynthesis and carbon storage differed considerably among scenarios, ranging from 23 to 37% and from 24 to 81 Pg C, respectively. Among the AOGCM projections, increases ranged from 26 to 33% and from 48 to 289 Pg C, respectively. There were regional heterogeneities in both climatic change and carbon budget response, and different carbon-cycle components often responded differently to a given environmental change. Photosynthetic CO₂ fixation was more sensitive to atmospheric CO₂, whereas soil carbon storage was more sensitive to temperature. Consequently, uncertainties in the CO₂ scenarios and climatic projections may create additional uncertainties in projecting atmospheric-CO₂ concentrations and climates through the interactive feedbacks between the atmosphere and the terrestrial ecosystem.  相似文献   

Thermoelastic properties of the high-pressure phase of SnO2 determined by in situ X-ray observations up to 30 GPa and 1400 K     

S. Ono  E. Ito  T. Katsura  A. Yoneda  M. J. Walter  S. Urakawa  W. Utsumi  K. Funakoshi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2000,27(9):618-622

 In situ synchrotron X-ray experiments in the system SnO₂ were made at pressures of 4–29 GPa and temperatures of 300–1400 K using sintered diamond anvils in a 6–8 type high-pressure apparatus. Orthorhombic phase (α-PbO₂ structure) underwent a transition to a cubic phase (Pa3ˉ structure) at 18 GPa. This transition was observed at significantly lower pressures in DAC experiments. We obtained the isothermal bulk modulus of cubic phase K ₀= 252(28) GPa and its pressure derivative K ^′=3.5(2.2). The thermal expansion coefficient of cubic phase at 25 GPa up to 1300 K was determined from interpolation of the P-V-T data obtained, and is 1.7(±0.7) × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ at 25 GPa. Received: 7 December 1999 / Accepted: 27 April 2000  相似文献   

Impacts of regional warming on long‐term hypolimnetic anoxia and dissolved oxygen concentration in a deep lake          下载免费PDF全文

Yuji Ito  Kazuro Momii 《水文研究》2015,29(9):2232-2242

Although few reports have described long‐term continuous anoxia in aquatic systems, Lake Ikeda in Japan experienced such conditions in the hypolimnion from 1990 to 2010. The present study aimed to assess temporal fluctuations in the lake's thermal stability from 1978 to 2011 to understand the influence of regional climate change on hypolimnetic anoxia in this lake. Because complete vertical mixing, which supplies dissolved oxygen (DO) to the hypolimnion, potentially occurs on February, we calculated the Schmidt stability index (S) in February and compared it with hypolimnetic DO dynamics. Vertical water temperature profiles were calculated using a one‐dimensional model, and calculated temperatures and meteorological data were used to analyse annual fluctuations in water temperatures, thermocline depth, meteorological variables and S. We estimated that mean annual air and volume‐weighted water temperatures increased by 0.028 and 0.033 °C year^?1, respectively, from 1978 to 2011. Between 1986 and 1990, S and water temperature increased abruptly, probably due to a large upwards trend in air temperature (+0.239 °C year^?1). We hypothesize that a mixing regime that lacked overturn took effect at this time and that this regime lasted until 2011, when S was particularly small. These results demonstrate that abrupt climate warming in the late 1980s likely triggered the termination of complete mixing and caused the 21‐year period of successive anoxia in Lake Ikeda. We conclude that the lake response to a rapid shift in regional climate conditions was a key factor in changing the hypolimnetic water environment and that thermal stability in winter is a critical environmental factor controlling the mixing regime and anoxic conditions in deep lakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711000037X     

Shuangmeng Zhai  Eiji Ito 《地学前缘(英文版)》2011,2(1):101-106

The tried and tested multianvil apparatus has been widely used for high-pressure and high-temperature experimental studies in Earth science. As a result, many important results have been obtained for a better understanding of the components, structure and evolution of the Earth. Due to the strength limitation of materials, the attainable multianvil pressure is generally limited to about 30 GPa (corresponding to about 900 km of the depth in the Earth) when tungsten carbide cubes are adopted as second-stage anvils. Compared with tungsten carbide, the sintered diamond is a much harder material. The sintered diamond cubes were introduced as second-stage anvils in a 6–8 type multianvil apparatus in the 1980s, which largely enhanced the capacity of pressure generation in a large volume press. With the development of material synthesis and processing techniques, a large sintered diamond cube (14 mm) is now available. Recently, maximum attainable pressures reaching higher than 90 GPa (corresponding to about 2700 km of the depth in the Earth) have been generated at room temperature by adopting 14-mm sintered diamond anvils. Using this technique, a few researches have been carried out by the quenched method or combined with synchrotron radiation in situ observation. In this paper we review the properties of sintered diamond and the evolution of pressure generation using sintered diamond anvils. As-yet unsolved problems and perspectives for uses in Earth Science are also discussed.  相似文献