Zur Frage der Altersstellung und Genese der Blei-Zink-Vorkommen der Sierra de Cartagena in Spanien     

Stefan Graeser  Günther Friedrich 《Mineralium Deposita》1970,5(4):365-374

Zusammenfassung Bleiglanzproben aus verschiedenen Lagerstätten der Sierra de Cartagena wurden auf ihre Blei-Isotopen-Verhältnisse untersucht. Auffallend ist deren völlig identische Pb-Isotopen-Zusammensetzung, aus der sich nach dem Houtermans-Modell ein Modell-Alter von 30 Millionen Jahren errechnen läßt. Die Blei-Mineralisation im Erzdistrikt von Cartagena steht daher in einem sicheren Zusammenhang mit der Tätigkeit jungtertiärer subvulkanischer Magmenherde. Das Alter der Andesite wurde mittels Rb/Sr-Methode an einem Biotit des Atalaya-Andesites mit 44±27 m.y. bestimmt. Dieser Wert stimmt sehr gut mit einer Altersbestimmung an einem leukogranitischen Gang aus der Sierra Cabrera überein (50±3 m.y.). Die Ergebnisse der Spurenelement-bestimmung an Bleiglanzproben werden im Zusammenhang mit schon früher mitgeteilten Schwefel-Isotopen-Daten diskutiert.

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Lead isotope ratios have been determined in galena samples from the Sierra de Cartagena (Spain). The range of the Pb-isotopes is extremely narrow within the ore district, which contains different types of ore deposits. The age of the galena bearing ore deposits has been determined by using the Houtermansmodel: 30 million years. The lead minertalisation in the district therefore may be linked to the subvolcanic activity of Tertiary age. Ascribing the mineralisation to three volcanic episodes of Palaeozoic, Miocene and Pliocene ages and two periodes of supergene processes is not possible. Rb/Sr ratios have been determined in a biotite sample from the Atalaya andesite. The mica age is 44±27 m.y. which is in closest agreement with the age given for rocks in the Sierra Cabrera (50±3 m.y.). The results of trace element analyses are discussed in connection with previously studied sulphur isotope composition.

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Über die echographische Aufzeichnung des Verhaltens von Meeresfischen während der Sonnenfinsternis vom 30. Juni 1954     

Friedrich Schüler 《Ocean Dynamics》1954,7(3-4):140-143

Summary Echo records from the Atlantic west of the Faroe Islands are presented which, for the first time, give evidence of the influence exerted by day on the vertical movement of pelagic fishes by a considerable reduction of luminous intensity (solar eclipse). This phenomenon corresponds with the fact well known since some years from investigations in the North Sea which prove that by night pelagic fishes move in a vertical direction according to the variation in luminous intensity.

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Sur des enregistrements ultra-sonores caractérisant le comportement des poissons pélagiques pendant l'éclipsé de soleil au 30 juin 1954

Résumé On présente des enregistrements ultra-sonores faits en océan Atlantique à l'ouest de l'archipel de Færoé. Ces enregistrements font, pour la première fois, preuve de l'influence exercée de jour sur le mouvement vertical des poissons pélagiques par une réduction sensible de l'intensité lumineuse (éclipse de soleil). Ce phénomène correspond avec le fait bien connu depuis quelques ans par des recherches dans la mer du Nord. Suivant ces recherches, les poissons pélagiques se meuvent nuitamment dans la direction verticale suivant la variation de l'intensité lumineuse.

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Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Guinier-Kamera nach v. Wolff bei der röntgenographischen Tonuntersuchung     

Dr. Friedrich Lippmann 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1954,4(1-2):251-254

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Geology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of intrusive rocks of the Wallagga area, western Ethiopia     

Tesfaye Kebede  Christian Koeberl  Friedrich Koller 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》1999,29(4):1773

Crystalline rocks from the western Ethiopian Precambrian terrain comprise two major rock groups: (1) the often migmatised eastern and western high-grade gneisses; and (2) the central low-grade metavolcanosedimentary rocks. Granitoid bodies of different ages and compositions intrude these rocks. Field observations, petrographic investigations, and geochemical features support a two-fold classification of the granitoid rocks. The volcanic arc granitoids (VAG) are most common and include the Ujjukka granite and granodiorite, and the Dhagaa Booqa and Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granites. The second and geographically more restricted group represents within-plate or anorogenic (A-type) granitoids, typified by the Tullu Kapii syenite. Geochemically, the Tullu Kapii syenite is characterised by moderate to high contents of SiO₂, total alkalis, Y, Nb, Ta, Hf, Zn, Zr, Ga, ΣREE, higher ratios of Fe₂O_3(total)/MgO, , , and lower contents of CaO, MgO, Sr, and Ba, compared to the other granitoids. The VAG group shows chondrite-normalised REE patterns with slightly enriched LREE and flat HREE patterns without significant Eu anomalies. In contrast, the Tullu Kapii A-type granitoid is characterised by a nearly horizontal REE pattern with variable negative Eu anomalies. The Ujjukka granite and granodiorite; and the Dhagaa Booqa and Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granites originated in a two-step process, which involves batch equilibrium melting of basaltic or andesitic material producing tonalitic magma, followed by fractional crystallisation. The Tullu Kapii syenite was the product of partial melting of source rocks enriched in high field strength elements.  相似文献   

In-flight performance analysis of the CHAMP BlackJack GPS Receiver   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

Oliver?MontenbruckEmail author  Remco?Kroes 《GPS Solutions》2003,7(2):74-86

JPL's BlackJack receiver currently represents the most widely used geodetic grade GPS receiver for space applications. Using data from the CHAMP science mission, the in-flight performance of the BlackJack receiver has been assessed and the impact of various software updates performed during the 2.5 years since launch is described. Key aspects of the study comprise the channel allocation, anomalous data points, and the noise level of the code and carrier data. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the code measurements collected onboard the CHAMP satellite are notably affected by multipath errors in the aft-looking hemisphere, which can be attributed to cross-talk between the occultation antenna string and the primary precise orbit determination antenna. For carrier smoothed 10 s normal points, the code noise itself varies between a minimum of 5 cm at high elevations and 0.5 m (C/A) to 1.0 m (P₁, P₂) at 10° elevation. Carrier-phase data exhibit representative errors of 0.2 to 2.5 mm. The results of the CHAMP GPS data analysis contribute to a better understanding and possible improvement of the BlackJack receiver and support the design of optimal data editing and weighting strategies in precise orbit determination applications.  相似文献   

GIOVE-A initial signal analysis     

Oliver Montenbruck  Christoph Günther  Sebastian Graf  Miquel Garcia-Fernandez  Johann Furthner  Hanspeter Kuhlen 《GPS Solutions》2006,10(2):146-153

In late December 2005 the GIOVE-A test satellite was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) to secure the frequencies for the Galileo system and to provide a platform for testing the new navigation signals. We performed an initial assessment of these signals using the 30 m deep space antenna of the DLR ground station in Weilheim (Germany). The antenna gain raised the signals above the noise level, thus allowing a detailed analysis even without knowledge of the ranging codes. The present paper covers the analysis of the L1/E1 signals, which includes a discussion of the spectrum, the time domain signal and a decoding of the spreading codes for the Open Service.  相似文献   

Pre-Cenozoic intra-plate magmatism along the Central Andes (17–34°S): Composition of the mantle at an active margin     

Friedrich Lucassen  Gerhard Franz  Rolf L. Romer  Frank Schultz  Peter Dulski  Klaus Wemmer 《Lithos》2007,99(3-4):312-338

Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios of alkaline mafic intra-plate magmatism constrain the isotopic compositions of the lithospheric mantle along what is now the eastern foreland or back arc of the Cenozoic Central Andes (17–34°S). Most small-volume basanite volcanic rocks and alkaline intrusive rocks of Cretaceous (and rare Miocene) age were derived from a depleted lithospheric mantle source with rather uniform initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ( 0.5127–0.5128) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ( 0.7032–0.7040). The initial ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios are variable (18.5–19.7) at uniform ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (15.60 ± 0.05). A variety of the Cretaceous depleted mantle source of the magmatic rocks shows elevated Sr isotope ratios up to 0.707 at constant high Nd isotope ratios. The variable Sr and Pb isotope ratios are probably due to radiogenic growth in a metasomatized lithospheric mantle, which represents the former sub-arc mantle beneath the early Palaeozoic active continental margin. Sr–Nd–Pb isotope signatures of a second mantle type reflected in the composition of Cretaceous (one late Palaeozoic age) intra-plate magmatic rocks (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd  0.5123, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr  0.704, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb  17.5–18.5, and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb  15.45–15.50) are similar to the isotopic composition of old sub-continental lithospheric mantle of the Brazilian Shield.

Published Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of Mesozoic to Cenozoic arc-related magmatic rocks (18–40°S) represent the composition of the convective sub-arc mantle in the Central Andes and are similar to those of the Cretaceous (and rare Miocene) intra-plate magmatic rocks. The dominant convective and lithospheric mantle type beneath this old continental margin is depleted mantle, which is compositionally different from average MORB-type depleted mantle. The old sub-continental lithospheric mantle did not contribute to Mesozoic to Cenozoic arc magmatism.  相似文献   

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance     

Dean S. Oliver 《Mathematical Geology》1998,30(7):911-933

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.  相似文献   

New equipment and processing for magnetotelluric remote reference observations   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Oliver Ritter  reas Junge  & Graham Dawes 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,132(3):535-548

Robust estimates of magnetotelluric and geomagnetic response functions are determined using the coherency and expected uniformity of the magnetic source field as quality criteria. The method is applied on data sets of three simultaneously recording sites. For the data acquisition we used a new generation of geophysical equipment (S.P.A.M. MkIII), which comprises novel concepts of parallel computing and networked, digital data transmission. The data-processing results show that the amount of noise on the horizontal components of the magnetic field varies considerably in time, between sites and over the frequency range. The removal of such contaminated data beforehand is essential for most data-processing schemes, as the magnetic channels are usually assumed to be free of noise. The standard remote reference method is aimed at reducing bias in response function estimates. However, this does not necessarily improve their precision as our results clearly show. With our method, on the other hand, we can filter out source field irregularities, thereby providing suitable working conditions for the robust algorithm, and eventually obtain considerably improved results. Contrary to previous concepts, we suggest rejecting as much data as feasible in order to concentrate on the remaining parts of high-quality observations.  相似文献   

The restricted stability of osumilite under hydrous conditions in the system K2O-MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O     

Martin Olesch  Friedrich Seifert 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1981,76(3):362-367

Osumilite_ss was synthesized as a single phase product in the model system K₂O-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ at 800° C/ 0.5 Kbar water pressure and at 800° to 840° C/1.0 Kbar total pressure with 0.3 in the gas phase. The experimentally determined solid solubility range of synthetic osumilites can be expressed by the formula KMg₂(Al_3-xMg_x) (Al_2–xSi_10+x)O₃₀ with 0x0.4. A survey of sixteen chemical analyses of natural osumilites from eleven occurrences shows a solid solubility characterized by 0x0.6. Reversed stability experiments for the synthetic osumilite KMg₂(Al_2.75Mg_0.25)(Al_1.75Si_10.25)O₃₀ determined at water pressure equal to total pressure demonstrate its restriction to water pressures below 0.8 Kbar (at 0.5 Kbar, the stability range is between 765° and 800° C). At the lower thermal stability limit osumilite+H₂O vapor break down to cordierite+K feldspar+phlogopite_ss+quartz, at the higher one to cordierite+K feldspar+phlogopite+liquid. Reduction of water fugacity will expand the stability field largely by shifting the lower and higher thermal stability limits to lower and higher temperatures, respectively. The dependence of osumilite stability on water fugacity makes osumilite a sensitive indicator mineral for dry conditions in rocks formed at total pressures higher than about 0.8 Kbar.  相似文献