The British who are not British and the immigration policies that are not: the case of Hong Kong     

Jowett AJ  Findlay AM  Li FL  Skeldon R 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1995,15(3):245-265

"While 'closed-door' immigration policies are adopted by most countries, 'exceptionalist' legislation is often made to permit entry of special immigrant groups. An example is the British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1990, which was passed in the run-up to the change in sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997. Britain's increasingly restrictive immigration policies prior to 1990 [have] resulted in the majority of Hong Kong citizens having British nationality (as British Dependent Territories citizens) but without the right of abode in the U.K. The 1990 Act conferred full British citizenship status on 50,000 heads of households in Hong Kong." The authors conclude that "in a world of marked global inequalities, immigration pressure will become even more extreme and is likely to produce an increasing number of cases of exceptionalist immigration legislation in countries with both ?open' and 'closed'-door policies.'  相似文献   

The political economy of urbanization in Melanesia     

Connell J  Curtain R 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1982,3(2):119-136

The authors attempt to provide a comprehensive review of urbanization in three Melanesian countries (Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu) and in Fiji. The focus of the paper is on the development and perpetuation of various forms of inequality exemplified by Melanesian urbanization and its colonial origins.  相似文献   

Results of TV imaging of Phobos (Experiment VSK-Fregat)     

Avanesov G  Zhukov B  Ziman YA  Kostenko V  Kuzmin A  Murav'ev V  Fedotov V  Bonev B  Mishev D  Petkov D  Krumov A  Simeonov S  Boycheva V  Uzunov YU  Weide GG  Halmann D  Pössel W  Head J  Murchie S  Schkuratov YuG  Berghänel R  Danz M  Mangoldt T  Pihan U  Smith B 《Planetary and Space Science》1991,39(1-2):281-295

From February to March 1989 the Phobos 2 spacecraft took 37 TV images of Phobos at a distance of 190-1100 km. These images complement Mariner-9 and Viking data by providing higher-resolution coverage of a large region West of the crater Stickney (40-160 degrees W) and by providing disk-resolved measurements of surface brightness at a greater range of wavelengths and additional phase angles. These images have supported updated mapping and characterization of large craters and grooves, and have provided additional observations of craters' and grooves' bright rims. Variations in surface visible/near-infrared color ratio of almost a factor of 2 have been recognized; these variations appear to be associated with the ejecta of specific large impact craters. Updated determinations of satellite mass and volume allow calculation of a more accurate value of bulk density, 1.90 +/- 0.1 g cm-3. This is significantly lower than the density of meteoritic analogs to Phobos' surface, suggesting a porous interior perhaps containing interstitial ice.  相似文献   

A quantitative expression of the pattern of urban settlements in the province of Yogyakarta     

Bintarto R 《The Indonesian journal of geography》1978,8(35):33-43

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Distribution and mode of occurrences of radionuclides in phosphogypsum from the Aqaba and Eshidiya fertilizer plants, Jordan     

Mohammad S. Al-Hwaiti Robert A. Zielinski James R. Budahn James F. Ranville Philippe E. Ross 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):178-178

Phosphogypsum is a waste by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry that has relatively high concentrations of some U decay-series radionuclides such as ^226Ra and ^210Pb. The distribution and environmental mobility of radionuclides in phosphogypsum are an important concern because this gypsum by-product is used for wallboard, in agriculture and as a soil amendment. This study determined the distribution of ^226Ra, ^210Pb, within phosphogypsum stacks of varying age and among three size fractions （coarse： 〈0.212 mm; medium： 0.212-0.053 mm; fine： 〈0.053 mm）, in phosphogypsum derived from Aqaba and Eshidiya fertilizer plants. The results indicated that ^226Ra and ^210Pb were generally uniformly distributed in phosphogypsum stacks and showed no significant difference in the concentration of these elements with the age of stack. In the Aqaba phosphogypsum ^226Ra was slightly 10% enriched in the coarse fraction, while ^210Pb was 10% enriched in the free size fraction. In the Eshidiya phosphogypsum ^226Ra and ^210Pb contents were both relatively enriched （10%） in the fine size fraction.  相似文献   

Changes to cadmium associations in canal sediments on drying and oxidation     

Samantha R. Cook John M. Chamock Andrew Parker 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):247-247

The mainly 19th Century canal system in the UK, largely managed by British Waterways, has been increasingly brought back into operation over the last few decades, and is now widely used for both leisure, and, increasingly, transport. Both initial and routine dredging of the canal sediment is carried out and these sediments are generally disposed of to land. Because many of the canals were connected with primary industries, their sediments can locally be significantly contaminated with heavy metals, and the behaviour of these metals under differing redox conditions, when introduced into a new environment （i.e., on land） is of importance for environmental risk-assessment purposes. Canal sediments are often rich in sulfidic mineral phases, and we have attempted to quantify the influence of these sulfidic phases on the release and retention of metals in dredged canal sediments, using a combination of traditional chemical techniques （e.g. sequential extraction） and X-ray absorption spectroscopy （XAS）. Sediment samples have been collected from urban fresh-water canals, one in the British Midlands and one in Northern France. It appears from XAS that Cd is largely associated with oxygen in air-dried sediment, and with sulphur in vacuum-dried sediment.  相似文献   

美国地质调查局激光雷达应用新进展     

Queija V R  Stoker J M  Kosovich J J  梁欣廉 《测绘文摘》2005,(4)

随着激光雷达(Light detection and ranging,Lidar)技术的成熟,美国地质调查局(U.S.Geo-logical Survey,USGS)在这个方向开展了许多应用研究。科学家们正在发展表达、使用高分辨率Lidar数据的新型技术;同时,为方便公众获取相应信息,数据及提取信息的发布手段也在研究之中。以下通过几个实例做一简要介绍。1典型研究1.1数据分发建立国家地图集(National Map)的一个目标是向公众发布基础数字地理信息。该地图集的高程部分是通过USGS地球观测系统(EROS)数据中心的国家高程数据集(National ElevationDataset,NED)维护的。NED提供3种…  相似文献   

澳大利亚的第三纪及第三纪—第四纪过渡期(英文)     

J.R.DODSON A.RAMRATH 《地学前缘》2002,9(1):62-72

第三纪的板块运动驱动着澳大利亚的气候和植被进行演化。广布的湿润森林区是澳大利亚老第三纪的特征。一直到始新世 ,生物多样性都在不断地提高。毫无疑问 ,这是澳大利亚由高南纬区向北部中纬区运移的结果。从始新世到上新世 ,澳大利亚的气候总体上要比现在湿润 ,但降水量季节性变化的增强推动了中新世以后硬叶植物和旱生植物的发展。上新世晚期似乎与第四纪一样 ,都出现过周期性干旱。这种干旱与冰期条件有关 ,至少由南澳大利亚晚第四纪的记录可以认识到这一点 ,澳大利亚的这段历史与东亚的气候变迁是同步发生的。在东亚 ,印—澳板块的运动致使青藏高原抬升 ,从而引发了区内乃至全球气候的巨变。穿越赤道区的季风和信风的环流格局 ,致使新第三纪和第四纪中国与澳大利亚的气候系统的相关性更强。  相似文献   

地震预报假说的检验     

R.Console  王福江 《地壳构造与地壳应力》2002,(3):1-7

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U⁶⁺化合物结构构形熵及其对热力学稳定性的影响——在核废料地质处置中的应用   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

陈繁荣 《中国科学D辑》2002,32(8):644-652

在核废料地质处置库中, UO₂乏燃料将很快被氧化成U⁶⁺化合物. 由于大多数U⁶⁺化合物都具有层状或链状结构, 并且通常含有多个水分子团, 在某些结晶学位置上可能出现不同元素的类质同象混合或空位, 其中与水分子有关的氢键也可能无序排列, 因而产生类质同象混合熵和结构无序熵. 通过系统搜集铀酸盐、UO₂²⁺的氢氧化物、磷酸盐、硅酸盐、碳酸盐和硫酸盐的晶体结构分析测定结果, 发现至少31种U⁶⁺化合物中有类质同象混合, 根据对其理想混合熵的计算结果, 混合熵对某些U⁶⁺化合物的第三定律熵有较大贡献. 此外, 对U⁶⁺化合物中H₂O的晶体化学性质进行了讨论, 认为与间隙水分子有关的氢键的无序定向所产生的结构构形熵也是不能忽视的. 在核废料地质处置库近场地球化学环境中, 结构构形熵的存在可使与某些U⁶⁺ 化合物平衡的水溶液中铀的浓度降低几个数量级. 因此, 应用量热法测定U⁶⁺ 化合物的热力学参数的同时, 必须精确测定样品的化学成分和晶体结构, 并将量热法测定与溶解度实验研究相结合, 以相互印证.  相似文献