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51.
A straightforward ecophysiological characterization of Phaeocystis globosa is hampered by its complex polymorphic life cycle in whic flagellates and colonial cells express different physiological and morphological properties. There is also increasing evidence that, besides the existence of different species, the most widespread species Phaeocystis globosa (Scherffel) has to be subdivided into at least five different ecotypes which again differ in their ecophysiological properties. Most research has been performed on the P. globosa ecotype North European (English Channel/ North Sea isolates). From the available literature it must be concluded that flagellate cells are better competitors for light and phosphate than colonial cells, due to their superior uptake characteristics. To a limited extent this phenomenon is compensated in colonial cells by their ability to continue growth and cell division in the dark at the same rate as in the light, at the expense of extracellular colonial mucus. In contrast with other algal species, colonial cells of P. globosa are better competitors for nitrogen than for phosphorus.Flagellates transform into vegetative cells and form colonies in environments with irradiance levels of about 50 μE·m−2·s−1 or more and an optimum phosphate concentration of 1 μM. A solid substrate and the presence of calcium are prerequisites for colony formation. In environments where phosphorus is limiting no new colonies are formed. There is some evidence that nitrate stimulates colony formation, whereas high ammonium values (above 1 μM) tend to suppress colony formation. Massive blooms of P. globosa colonies can be attributed to a combination of environmental conditions that induce colony formation and smaller grazing losses of colonial cells than of flagellates, rather than to superior ecophysiological characteristics of colonial cells.  相似文献   
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Seismic interferometry deals with the generation of new seismic responses by crosscorrelating existing ones. One of the main assumptions underlying most interferometry methods is that the medium is lossless. We develop an ‘interferometry‐by‐deconvolution’ approach which circumvents this assumption. The proposed method applies not only to seismic waves, but to any type of diffusion and/or wave field in a dissipative medium. This opens the way to applying interferometry to controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) data. Interferometry‐by‐deconvolution replaces the overburden by a homogeneous half space, thereby solving the shallow sea problem for CSEM applications. We demonstrate this at the hand of numerically modeled CSEM data.  相似文献   
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The extraction of the Earth's Green's function from field fluctuations is a rapidly growing area of research.The principle of Green's function extraction is often related to the requirement of equipartitioning,which stipulates that the energy of field fluctuations is distributed evenly in some sense.We show the meaning of equipartitioning for a variety of different formulations for Green's function retrieval.We show that equipartitioning is not a sufficient condition,and provide several examples that illustrate this point.We discuss the implications of lack of equipartitioning for various schemes for the reconstruction of the Green's function in seismology.The theory for Green's function extraction is usually based on a statistical theory that relies on ensemble averages.Since there is only one Earth,one usually replaces the ensemble average with a time average.We show that such a replacement only makes sense when attenuation is taken into account,and show how the theory for Green's function extraction for oscillating systems can be extended to incorporate attenuation.  相似文献   
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The scientific value of micrometeorites collected from deep-sea sediments or glacial deposits can be limited by poorly constrained accumulation times or severe alteration, coupled with a complex infrastructure of sampling expeditions. Collecting micrometeorites from rooftops has recently become a feasible alternative, but extraction methods have not been optimized or standardized to date. Here, we show that existing methods for the recovery of melted cosmic spherules (CSs) can be strongly improved by using a sequence of mineral separation techniques, including shape separation with an asymmetric vibrator and heavy liquid density separation with overflow centrifuges. We retrieved 1006 micrometeorites from the gutter of a barn in Budel, the Netherlands. Particle diameters are 80–515 μm, with the major mode at 130 μm and a slope exponent of −4.88. Differences in size distributions among various types of CSs indicate a multi-source influx, with CS textures controlled by their parent body's mineralogy and orbital parameters. Repeated sampling of the rooftop after accumulation times of 959 and 333 days allows for a time-integrated global mass flux estimate of 472 t year−1. This estimate is notably higher than previous rooftop-based estimates but is still severely affected by micrometeorite loss from the gutter through drainage. The mass flux peaks at an equivalent particle diameter of ~200 μm. The Budel collection is the first rooftop collection to contain abundant vitreous micrometeorites and include the coarse-grained S-type CS class. Unmelted and I-type micrometeorites remain difficult to extract from rooftop samples. Vitreous micrometeorites display various stages of weathering, showing that severe alteration of glass can progress at a faster rate in populated regions than previously assumed. This study demonstrates that methodological adjustments can drastically increase the scientific potential of rooftop micrometeorite collections.  相似文献   
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