Wave propagation in an inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic medium     

Cheng‐Der Wang  Ya‐Ting Lin  Yu‐Shiuh Jeng  Zheng‐Wei Ruan 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2010,34(7):711-732

Analytical solutions for wave velocities and wave vectors are yielded for a continuously inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic medium, in which Young's moduli (E, E′) and shear modulus (G′) varied exponentially as depth increased. However, for the rest moduli in cross‐anisotropic materials, ν and ν′ remained constant regardless of depth. We assume that cross‐anisotropy planes are parallel to the horizontal surface. The generalized Hooke's law, strain–displacement relationships, and equilibrium equations are integrated to constitute governing equations. In these equations, displacement components are fundamental variables and, hence, the solutions of three quasi‐wave velocities, V_P, V_SV, and V_SH, and the wave vectors, $\mathop{\mathop{l}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}}\nolimits_{P}$ $\mathop{\mathop{l}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}}\nolimits_{\mathit{SV}}$, and $\mathop{\mathop{l}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}}\nolimits_{{\mathit{SH}}}$, can be generated for the inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic media. The proposed solutions and those obtained by Daley and Hron, and Levin correlate well with each other when the inhomogeneity parameter, k, is 0. Additionally, parametric study results indicate that the magnitudes and directions of wave velocity are markedly affected by (1) the inhomogeneous parameter, k; (2) the type and degree of geomaterial anisotropy (E/E′, G′/E′, and ν/ν′); and (3) the phase angle, θ. Consequently, one must consider the influence of inhomogeneous characteristic when investigating the behaviors of wave propagation in a cross‐anisotropic medium. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Facile Conversion of Alcohols to Olefins by Tosylation and Subsequent SiO2-promoted β-elimination     

RUAN Xiaohong SONG Gaopeng ZHANG Yichun LI Yingxia 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2007,6(2):196-198

A convenient and effective procedure was developed for the conversion of alcohol to olefin by tosylation and subsequent β-elimination promoted by silica gel in this study. Treatment of the alcohols with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine at 0℃ affords tosylates which undergo β-elimination with silica gel in dichloromethane or chloroform at room temperature, yielding olefinswith high productivity.  相似文献   

黑鲷性转换的人工诱导研究     

阮洪超  吴光宗  黄瑞东 《海洋科学集刊》1996,(37):151-162

硬骨鱼类中有些种类具有雌雄同体的现象,即性腺同时存在于卵巢和精巢组织,这种雌雄同体现象在一些鱼类中甚至可终生存在,并能自行受精,如鮨科鱼类 Serranaus cabrilla 等。另外有些鱼类虽然在其生活史中同时存在卵巢和精巢,但卵巢和精巢并不同时成熟,不同年龄段表现为不同的性别,有一个性转换的过程,这种过程可以分为两种类型:(1)同时存在卵巢和精巢,在发育过程中精巢先成熟,卵巢受到抑制,低龄鱼表现为雄性(如黑鲷),随着年龄増大,精巢逐渐萎缩而卵巢逐渐发育成熟,表现为雌性;(2)卵巢先成熟,到了高龄精巢才成熟(如石斑鱼类和淡水黄鳝等),第一次性成熟都是雌鱼,产卵过后才逐渐变为雄鱼。 从自然界捕鱼苗来养殖,常受到资源的限制,往往很难满足养殖的需要,人工繁殖是解决自然苗种不足的根本途径。在人工养殖条件下,从仔鱼培育到二龄的黑鲷,一般全部表现为雄性,三龄鱼才有部分转为雌性,为了使其能提前转为雌性,尽早参与生殖,达到人工生产苗种的目的,作者于1991-1992年进行了人工诱导鱼类性转变的研究,同时观察了性腺的发育过程。 过去有关人工诱导发生性转变的研究多数采用生活史上没有经历性转变的鱼类(即雌雄异体鱼类),用人工方法使生活史上有经历性转变的鱼类发生性转变的研究比较少见。本文主要采用雌性激素投喂和注射方法,结合环境因子如水温、光照,使生活史上有性转换过程的黑鯛,在低年龄时提前发生性转变。此研究对提高经济价值较高海鱼的产量具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial variation of fish assemblages in Dianshan Lake,Shanghai, China     

胡忠军  王思卿  吴昊  陈庆江  阮仁良  陈立侨  刘其根 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2014,32(4):799-809

Using multi-mesh gillnets and trawls, the fish communities in Dianshan Lake at 6 stations from Oct. 2009 to Jul. 2010 were investigated seasonally to reveal the biodiversity and its spatial and temporal distribution patterns. The long-term changes in their structural characteristics were then analyzed to identify the main infl uencing factors and several measures for lake restoration were put forward. Thirty six species, belonging to 9 family and 30 genera, were collected, amongst which, the order Cypriniformes accounted for 61.1% of the total species number. In terms of importance value, Cypriniformes was the predominant group, Coilia nasus the dominant species, while Cyprinus carpio and Rhinogobius giurinus were the subdominant taxa. The community types did not differ among stations, but between seasons. There were no significant differences between seasons and among stations in species diversity, but richness differed both spatially and seasonally. Along with the process of eutrophication and the drastic reduction of the area colonized by macrophytes from 1959 to 2009–2010, the fish diversity declined markedly, and species numbers of herbivores and piscivores declined proportionately more than those of invertivores, omnivores, and planktivores. The decline of potamophilus and river-lake migratory fish was more marked than those of sedentary, river-sea migratory, and estuarine fishes. Eutrophication concomitant with sharp reduction of macrophyte area and overfishing may be the main reasons for the decline in fish diversity in Dianshan Lake.  相似文献   

Oceanic crustal structure and tectonic origin of the southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge in the Philippine Sea     

Xiongwei Niu  Pingchuan Tan  Weiwei Ding  Wei Wang  Yao Wei  Xiaodong Wei  Aiguo Ruan  Jie Zhang  Chunyang Wang  Yong Tang  Jiabiao Li 《海洋学报(英文版)》2022,41(1):39-49

A new high-resolution velocity model of the southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge(KPR) was derived from an activesource wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profile. The result shows that the KPR crust can be divided into the upper crust with the P-wave velocity less than 6.1 m/s, and lower crust with P-wave velocity between 6.1 km/s and 7.2 km/s. The crustal thickness of the KPR reaches 12.0 km in the center, which gradually decreases to 5.0–6.0 km at sides. The velocity structure of the KPR is simil...  相似文献   

瀑布沟库区地震活动及应力场特征     

阮祥  张永久  谢蓉华  胡先明  杜瑶 《中国地震》2013,29(3):316-326

通过对瀑布沟水库和成都数字遥测地震台网记录的波形数据的研究发现,四川瀑布沟水库库区大量的所谓小震活动皆是爆破成因,从而改变了此前对该库区蓄水前地震活动密集,蓄水后地震活动骤然平静的认识。2009 年11 月水库蓄水后在蓄水区域周边10km 范围内仅发生ML1. 5 以上地震1 次,即2010 年8 月8 日ML1. 7 地震,蓄水前后小震稀少。水库西侧的2 个地震密集区的走滑型地震占较大比例,区域主压应力为NWW 向。水库东、北部区域的地震震源机制解呈多种类型。瀑布沟水库区小震活动总体受区域应力场控制,NWW 向近水平主压应力有利于库区NNW 向中小断裂发生走滑型错动。  相似文献   

汶川8.0级大地震的孕育和发生的深层过程与动力成因探讨   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

滕吉文  张永谦  阮小敏 《国际地震动态》2010,(6):2-2

汶川8.0级大地震发生在由3条NE向断裂带组成的龙门山逆冲走滑断裂系上,造成了以汶川、映秀为中心和其周边地域的严重破坏和人员的重大伤亡。然而强烈地震发生前却未见有可能的确切征兆或浅表层异常活动的迹象(相对于短期和临震预测),即浅层过程与地震发生的深层过程并不匹配。那么为什么在龙门山地区突然发生了这次大地震,它具有哪些特征?其成因机制又是什么?为此必须对这次大地震孕育、发生和发展的壳幔速度结构和其深层动力过程进行深入研究和探讨。通过松藩—甘孜,龙门山造山带和四川盆地地域人工源地震深部探测、天然地震层析成像、接收函数与面波频散反演、大地电磁测深和重力场研究,所得初步结果表明:①在印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆-陆板块碰撞、挤压作用下,形成了喜马拉雅造山带和东构造结,该东构造结似一尖楔向NNE方向顶挤并插入青藏高原东北缘,故迫使高原深部物质向东流展,在受到以龙门山为西北边界的四川盆地刚性物质阻隔下,一部分物质则转而向东南侧运移;②龙门山造山带与其西北侧地带地形高差达3500±500m左右,而地壳厚度在龙门山西北部为65±5km左右,四川盆地为40±2km,而龙门山地带与其东、西两侧相比则其地壳厚度变化幅度可达15~20km。这里恰为应力作用的耦合与集中地带;③下地壳和地幔盖层物质以上、中地壳(深20~25km)中的低速层为第一滑移面(并与上地壳解耦),以上地幔软流层顶面为第二滑移面,且在四川盆地深部壳、幔"刚性"物质阻隔下,下地壳和上地幔盖层物质以高角度在龙门山断裂系与四川盆地的耦合地带向上运移(或称逆冲),且在龙门山地表三条断裂构成的断裂系向下收敛到15±5km左右深处汇聚,二者强烈碰撞、挤压、震源介质破裂;即在物质与能量的强烈交换下,高度集中的应力得到急速释放,故形成了这次8.0级大地震;④汶川8.0级大地震的发震断裂是深部15±5km处的汇聚断裂带,且为在15±5km深处、半径为5km左右的柱状震源体积。为此通过该区的壳、幔速度结构变异,初步揭示了这次8.0级大地震孕育、发生和发展的深部介质和构造环境及其深层动力过程。  相似文献   

超高层建筑风荷载计算中的振型函数   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

徐永林  朱元清  周晶矛  范宜瑶  秦浩文  阮镇基  干劲 《地震地磁观测与研究》2010,31(3):111-114

在我国高层建筑建筑规范中关于风荷载计算中有一振型函数表达式Φ_z=tan(π(Z/H)~(0.7)/4),这一公式在计算风荷载中被广泛采用。作者在对金茂大厦风振位移的观测和研究中,发现该公式与实际观测的结果不符。本研究给出金茂大厦这样的超高层建筑物的实测振型函数表达式:给出与建筑规范不同的风荷载振型函数,供建筑界参考;积累超高层建筑风振振型函数样本,以便在规范中给出符合实际振型函数的表达式,提高风荷载计算精度,设计出既经济又抗强风的超高层建筑。  相似文献   

Mapping of freshwater lake wetlands using object-relations and rule-based inference     

Susan USTIN 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2012,22(4):462-471

Inland freshwater lake wetlands play an important role in regional ecological balance.Hongze Lake is the fourth biggest freshwater lake in China.In the past three decades,there has been significant loss of freshwater wetlands within the lake and at the mouths of neighboring rivers,due to disturbance,primarily from human activities.The main purpose of this paper was to explore a practical technology for differentiating wetlands effectively from upland types in close proximity to them.In the paper,an integrated method,which combined per-pixel and per-field classification,was used for mapping wetlands of Hongze Lake and their neighboring upland types.Firstly,Landsat ETM+ imagery was segmented and classified by using spectral and textural features.Secondly,ETM+ spectral bands,textural features derived from ETM+ Pan imagery,relative relations between neighboring classes,shape features,and elevation were used in a decision tree classification.Thirdly,per-pixel classification results from the decision tree classifier were improved by using classification results from object-oriented classification as a context.The results show that the technology has not only overcome the salt-and-pepper effect commonly observed in the past studies,but also has improved the accuracy of identification by nearly 5%.  相似文献   

近57年我国气温格点数据集的建立和质量评估   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

张强  阮新  熊安元 《应用气象学报》2009,20(4):385-393

在普通克里金插值方法的基础上, 引入高程因子并充分考虑插值的边界效应, 对1951:2007年我国气温站点资料进行空间结构分析和插值, 得到我国地面气温日、月、年平均值1°×1°格点数据集。数据集的质量评估结果表明:高程在我国区域气温空间结构分析和插值中起着重要作用, 高程资料的引入有效提高了大部分高山地区的插值效果; 相比站点资料, 所建立的格点数据集在描述我国年平均气温以及季节平均气温分布时更为合理, 突出了温度场的大尺度特征; 数据集反映出了我国年平均气温变化趋势主要的空间差异; 数据集较好地反映了我国年平均气温变化状况, 1951- 2007年气温变暖幅度约为1.6 ℃, 增温速率0.28 ℃/10 a, 比全球或半球同期平均增温速率明显偏高, 且气温增暖主要发生在最近的20余年之内。另外, 格点数据集显示, 1998—2007年是1951年以来最暖的10年, 其中2006年全国平均气温距平接近2000年之前的历史最高年份1998年, 而2007年全国平均气温距平值超过1998年, 达到1951年以来的历史最高值1.3 ℃, 为最暖的一年。  相似文献