Die Methoden der Rekonstruktion alpiner Landoberflächen     

Rudolf Leutelt 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1930,21(5):293-299

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III. Bücher- und Zeitschriftenschau     

Wilckens  Rudolf Leutelt  L. Rüger  W. Salomon  C. W. Kockel  Leuchs 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1930,21(1):71-77

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Die Schwarzwälder Gneise     

Rudolf Wager 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1935,26(3):161-185

Zusammenfassung Aus den im Vorstehenden referierten Tatsachen, besonders denen des ersten Abschnitts, wird deutlich, wie wenig bestimmt noch die Vorstellungen sind, die sich mit den schwarzwälder Gneisen verbinden. Schien durch die UntersuchungenSauers und durch die eingehende ArbeitSchwenkels eine gewisse Klärung erreicht, so ergaben ja schon die etwa zur gleichen Zeit erfolgten vorläufigen Mitteilungen vonPhilipp undNiggli, daß neben der vorher allein als maßgebend erachteten alten Injizierung auch mit einer solchen von seiten der karbonischen Granite zu rechnen ist.Haffner rüttelte an einem derSauerschen Grundbegriffe, indem er als reine Sedimentgneise nur räumlich ganz unbedeutende Partien ansehen und sonst die Renchgneise den Mischgneisen zuweisen will. NachKlemm undvan Werveke schließlich wäre der Begriff der Schapbachgneise ganz zu streichen, resp. sie wären zeitlich mit den Graniten zusammenzunehmen.Als wahrscheinlichstes Bild ergibt sich derzeit nach der Literatur (und nach eigenen Begehungen des Verfassers) das folgende:Sedimentgneise von derart scharfer — vielleicht mehrfacher — Umprägung, daß klastische Residuen alter Sedimente (etwa Geröllgneise) fehlen, sind z. T. konkordant und z. T. diskordant von Eruptivgneisen (mit Paralleltextur, die wohl teilweise eine Fließerscheinung darstellt) durchsetzt. Die Granulite dürften als saure Nachschübe der Eruptivgneise aufzufassen sein, welche nach Beobachtungen vonSchwenkel in ein fast vollständig starres Gestein eindrangen. Dem Granulit gehören auch die Primärtrümer, Aplit- und Pegmatitadern zu. An alten Mischgneisen ließen sich unterscheiden: 1. endogene Mischgneise: Eruptivgneise mit granulitischem Material innig durchsetzt; 2. exogene Mischgneise: Sedimentgneise mit Eruptivgneis- und Granulitmaterial intensiv verwoben.Mit anscheinend von Süden nach Norden abklingender Intensität sind diese Gesteine von vorherzynischer Prägung erneut während und gegen Ende der herzynischen Orogenese injiziert worden. Die hieraus resultierenden jungen Mischgneise können nach dem Alter weiter untergegliedert werden in ältere (weiße Farbe der Injektionen) und jüngere (rote Farbe der Injektionen) oder nach der Intensität in Injektions-, Imbibitions-, Einschmelzgesteine eingeteilt werden.Mit dieser schematischen Einteilung, die besonders beiNiggli (1925) klar hervortritt, dürfte auch der Weg der nächsten Untersuchungen an Schwarzwälder Gneisen vorgezeichnet sein: mit Hilfe jeglicher Methoden — besonders auch gefügeanalytischer Art — die verschiedenen Überprägungen des Gefüges möglichst weitgehend auseinander zu trennen und sie den verschiedenen Beanspruchungen und Injektionen zuzuordnen.Für Begehungen im Grundgebirge des Schwarzwaldes, insbesonders des nördlichen, stand dem Verfasser eine Beihilfe der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft zur Verfügung, für die auch an dieser Stelle ergebenst gedankt sei.  相似文献   

Über die Vorzüge der Verwendung der „Relativen Bestrahlung” für strahlungsklimatologische Betrachtungen     

Rudolf Schulze 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1961,11(3):281-291

Zusammenfassung Für die relative Bestrahlung, die als Quotient von gemessener Globalstrahlung und extraterrestrischer Strahlung definiert ist, wird eine Beziehung zumLinkeschen Trübungsfaktor abgeleitet. Diese dient als Grundlage zur Berechnung des Strahlungsklimas der Erde an wolkenlosen und an bewölkten Tagen bei gegebenen Trübungsfaktoren. Die durch unterschiedliche Rückstrahlung, durch den Einfluß von Änderungen des Wasserdampfgehaltes der Atmosphäre und durch Änderungen der Trübung bewirkte Variabilität der berechneten Strahlungswerte wird diskutiert. Die durch diese Änderungen bewirkten Abweichungen der berechneten Strahlungswerte liegen innerhalb von ±10%.

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Summary A relationship is derived betweenLinke's turbidity factor and relative insolation. The latter is defined as the quotient of measured global radiation and extraterrestrial radiation. The relationship is used as a basis for calculating radiation climate on cloudless and cloudy days, and for a given turbidity factor. The variability of the results due to varying reflexion, vapour content of the atmosphere, and turbidity, is discussed. The deviations of calculated values from observed values of radiation caused by these factors lie within ±10%.

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Résumé L'auteur établit une relation entre le rayonnement relatif, c'est à dire le quotient du rayonnement global au rayonnement extra-terrestre, et le facteur de trouble deLinke. Cette relation sert à calculer le climat radiatif de la terre pour les jours sans nuages et pour les jours nuageux à partir du rayonnement relatif et pour des facteurs de trouble donnés. Le rayonnement réfléchi, les variations de la teneur en vapeur d'eau et du trouble atmosphérique conduisent à des différences des valeurs calculées, dont les écarts restent inférieurs à 10% en valeur absolue.

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The Beach Crowding Index: A Tool for Assessing Social Carrying Capacity of Vulnerable Beaches     

David Serrano Giné  Joan Jurado Rota  María Yolanda Pérez Albert  Carla Bonfill Cerveró 《The Professional geographer》2018,70(3):412-422

The aim of this article is to introduce the Beach Crowding Index (BCI), a procedure to assess the social carrying capacity of vulnerable beaches. The study uses the people at one time (PAOT) approach and data gathered weekly throughout the bathing season regarding the number of beachgoers in 100 m² cells of the beach to assess how many beachgoers it can comfortably hold. The procedure is based on fieldwork, interviews with beachgoers, and geographic information system (GIS) analysis and has been tested on four beaches in protected areas on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. On a scale from 0 to 4, minimum scores throughout the bathing season are 0.7 and maximum 3.7, although results showed wide variation between the beaches, the section of the beach, and the time of day. This study suggests that determining the location of beachgoers and collecting a long-term series of data is fundamental to assessing social carrying capacity and that the BCI procedure can be used for a large number of applications.  相似文献   

The life cycle of contributors in collaborative online communities -the case of OpenStreetMap     

Daniel Bégin  Rodolphe Devillers  Stéphane Roche 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(8):1611-1630

Over the last two decades, online communities have become ubiquitous, with millions of people accessing collaborative project websites every day. Among them, the OpenStreetMap project (OSM) has been very successful in collecting/offering volunteered geographic information (VGI). Very different behaviours are observed among OSM participants, which translate into large differences of lifespan, contribution levels (e.g. Nielsen’s 90–9-1 rule) and attitudes towards innovations (e.g. Diffusion of innovation theory or DoIT). So far, the literature has defined phases in the life cycle of contributors only based on the nature of their contributions (e.g. role of participants and edits characteristics). Our study identifies the different phases of their life cycle from a temporal perspective and assesses how these phases relate to the volume and the frequency of the contributions from participants. Survival analyses were performed using both a complementary cumulative distribution function and a Kaplan-Meier estimator to plot survival and hazard curves. The analyses were broken down according to Nielsen and DoIT contributors’ categories to highlight potential explanatory variables. This paper shows that two contribution processes combine with three major participation stages to form six phases in contributors’ life cycle. The volume of edits provided on each active day is driven by the two contribution processes, illustrating the evolution of contributors’ motivation over time. Since contributors’ lifespan is a universal metric, our results may also apply to other collaborative online communities.  相似文献   

Geothermal Characterization of the St. Lawrence Lowlands Sedimentary Basin,Québec,Canada     

Karine Bédard  Félix-Antoine Comeau  Jasmin Raymond  Michel Malo  Maher Nasr 《Natural Resources Research》2018,27(4):479-502

Defining temperature at depth to identify geothermal resources relies on the evaluation of the Earth heat flow based on equilibrium temperature measurements as well as thermal conductivity and heat generation rate assessment. Such high-quality geothermal data can be sparse over the region of interest. This is the case of the St. Lawrence Lowlands sedimentary basin covering 20,000 km² to the south of Québec, Canada, and enclosing only three wells up to a depth of 500 m with equilibrium heat flow measurements. However, more than 250 oil and gas exploration wells have been drilled in this area, providing for this study (parce que c'est 93 sinon) 81 locations with bottom-hole temperature up to a depth of 4300 m, however, not at equilibrium. Analyzing these data with respect to the deep geothermal resource potential of this sedimentary basin requires evaluating the thermal conductivity and heat generation rate of its geological units to properly extrapolate temperature downward. This was done by compiling literature and recent thermal conductivity measurements in outcrop and core samples as well as new heat generation rate estimates from spectral gamma ray logs to establish a first thermal assessment of geological units deep down into the basin. The mean thermal conductivity of the thermal units varies from 2.5 to 6.3 W/m·K, with peak values in the basal sandstones, while the heat generation rate varies from 1.6 to 0.3 µW/m³, decreasing from the upper caprocks toward the base of the sequence. After correcting the bottom-hole temperatures for drilling disturbance with the Harrison correction and subsequently for paleoclimate variations, results indicate a mean geothermal gradient of 23.1 °C/km, varying from 14 to 40 °C/km. Evaluating the basin thermal state from oil and gas data is a significant challenge facilitated by an understanding of its thermal properties.  相似文献   

Identifying Groundwater Potential in Crystalline Basement Rocks Using Remote Sensing and Electromagnetic Sounding Techniques in Central Western Mozambique     

Luís André Magaia  Tada-nori Goto  Alaa Ahmed Masoud  Katsuaki Koike 《Natural Resources Research》2018,27(3):275-298

Exploring for groundwater in crystalline rocks in semiarid areas is a challenge because of their complex hydrogeology and low potential yields. An integrated approach was applied in central western Mozambique, in an area covered by Precambrian crystalline basement rocks. The approach combined a digital elevation model (DEM), remote sensing, and a ground-based geophysical survey. The aim was to identify groundwater zones with high potential and to identify geological structures controlling that potential. Lineaments were extracted from the DEM that had been enhanced using an adaptive-tilt, multi-directional, shading technique and a non-filtering technique to characterize the regional fracture system. The shallowness and amount of stored groundwater in the fracture zones was assessed using vegetation indices derived from Landsat 8 OLI images. Then, 14 transient electromagnetic (TEM) survey profiles were taken in different geological settings across continuous lineaments that were considered to be aligned along inferred faults. In the central lineament zones, the TEM soundings gave resistivity values of less than 300 Ωm at a depth of 20–80 m. The values varied with location. Conversely, values greater than 400 Ωm were observed at the sites away from the central zones. This contrast is probably caused by the differences in permeability and degree of weathering along the fractured zones. These differences could be key factors in determining groundwater occurrence. By integrating five water-related factors (lineament density, slope, geology, vegetation index, and proximity to lineaments), high groundwater potential zones were located in the vicinity of the lineaments. In these zones, vegetation remains active regardless of the season.  相似文献   

Performance of CMORPH,TMPA, and PERSIANN rainfall datasets over plain,mountainous, and glacial regions of Pakistan     

Yawar?HussainEmail author  Frédéric?Satgé  Muhammad?Babar?Hussain  Hernan?Martinez-Carvajal  Marie-Paule?Bonnet  Martin?Cárdenas-Soto  Henrique?Llacer?Roig  Gulraiz?Akhter 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,131(3-4):1119-1132

The present study aims at the assessment of six satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) in Pakistan. For each assessed products, both real-time (RT) and post adjusted (Adj) versions are considered to highlight their potential benefits in the rainfall estimation at annual, monthly, and daily temporal scales. Three geomorphological climatic zones, i.e., plain, mountainous, and glacial are taken under considerations for the determination of relative potentials of these SREs over Pakistan at global and regional scales. All SREs, in general, have well captured the annual north-south rainfall decreasing patterns and rainfall amounts over the typical arid regions of the country. Regarding the zonal approach, the performance of all SREs has remained good over mountainous region comparative to arid regions. This poor performance in accurate rainfall estimation of all the six SREs over arid regions has made their use questionable in these regions. Over glacier region, all SREs have highly overestimated the rainfall. One possible cause of this overestimation may be due to the low surface temperature and radiation absorption over snow and ice cover, resulting in their misidentification with rainy clouds as daily false alarm ratio has increased from mountainous to glacial regions. Among RT products, CMORPH-RT is the most biased product. The Bias was almost removed on CMORPH-Adj thanks to the gauge adjustment. On a general way, all Adj versions outperformed their respective RT versions at all considered temporal scales and have confirmed the positive effects of gauge adjustment. CMORPH-Adj and TMPA-Adj have shown the best agreement with in situ data in terms of Bias, RMSE, and CC over the entire study area.  相似文献   

Retrieving air humidity,global solar radiation,and reference evapotranspiration from daily temperatures: development and validation of new methods for Mexico. Part I: humidity     

P.?LobitEmail authorView author&#;s OrcID profile  L.?López Pérez  J.?P.?Lhomme  A.?Gómez Tagle 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,132(3-4):751-762

The occurrence of flood and drought frequency is highly correlated with the temporal fluctuations of streamflow series; understanding of these fluctuations is essential for the improved modeling and statistical prediction of extreme changes in river basins. In this study, the complexity of daily streamflow fluctuations was investigated by using multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) in a large heterogeneous lake basin, the Poyang Lake basin in China, and the potential impacts of human activities were also explored. Major results indicate that the multifractality of streamflow fluctuations shows significant regional characteristics. In the study catchment, all the daily streamflow series present a strong long-range correlation with Hurst exponents bigger than 0.8. The q-order Hurst exponent h(q) of all the hydrostations can be characterized well by only two parameters: a (0.354 ≤ a ≤ 0.384) and b (0.627 ≤ b ≤ 0.677), with no pronounced differences. Singularity spectrum analysis pointed out that small fluctuations play a dominant role in all daily streamflow series. Our research also revealed that both the correlation properties and the broad probability density function (PDF) of hydrological series can be responsible for the multifractality of streamflow series that depends on watershed areas. In addition, we emphasized the relationship between watershed area and the estimated multifractal parameters, such as the Hurst exponent and fitted parameters a and b from the q-order Hurst exponent h(q). However, the relationship between the width of the singularity spectrum (Δα) and watershed area is not clear. Further investigation revealed that increasing forest coverage and reservoir storage can effectively enhance the persistence of daily streamflow, decrease the hydrological complexity of large fluctuations, and increase the small fluctuations.  相似文献