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During the past two decades electromagnetic methods have been increasingly applied to problems in hydrocarbon exploration. It has been shown that EM methods achieve satisfactory results which can be supplementary to results of the seismic method. We extend the application of the Long-Offset Transient ElectroMagnetic Sounding (lotem ) to exploration problems in the coal mining industry. A survey was conducted north of the Rhine-Ruhr coal district using a grounded dipole source and receivers laid out along several profile lines giving areal coverage. The strong noise from cultural as well as natural electromagnetic sources was reduced using prestack data processing techniques resulting in reliable data with a good signal-to-noise ratio. The interpretation is self-consistent and matches the well logs and the geological information of the area quite well. The high station density permitted the mapping of the top of the Carboniferous formation to a depth of between 800 and 1000 m below surface. 相似文献
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Scott A. SANDFORD Saša BAJT Simon J. CLEMETT George D. CODY George COOPER Bradley T. DEGREGORIO Vanessa
De VERA Jason P. DWORKIN Jamie E. ELSILA George J. FLYNN Daniel P. GLAVIN Antonio LANZIROTTI Thomas LIMERO Mildred P. MARTIN Christopher J. SNEAD Maegan K. SPENCER Thomas STEPHAN Andrew WESTPHAL Sue WIRICK Richard N. ZARE Michael E. ZOLENSKY 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2010,45(3):406-433
Abstract– Numerous potential sources of organic contaminants could have greatly complicated the interpretation of the organic portions of the samples returned from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust spacecraft. Measures were taken to control and assess potential organic (and other) contaminants during the design, construction, and flight of the spacecraft, and during and after recovery of the sample return capsule. Studies of controls and the returned samples suggest that many of these potential sources did not contribute any significant material to the collectors. In particular, contamination from soils at the recovery site and materials associated with the ablation of the heatshield do not appear to be significant problems. The largest source of concern is associated with the C present in the original aerogel. The relative abundance of this carbon can vary between aerogel tiles and even within individual tiles. This C was fortunately not distributed among a complex mixture of organics, but was instead largely present in a few simple forms (mostly as Si‐CH3 groups). In most cases, the signature of returned cometary organics can be readily distinguished from contaminants through their different compositions, nonterrestrial isotopic ratios, and/or association with other cometary materials. However, some conversion of the carbon indigenous to the flight aerogel appears to have happened during particle impact, and some open issues remain regarding how this C may be processed into new forms during the hypervelocity impact collection of the comet dust. 相似文献
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STEPHAN WEINBRUCH HEINZ BÜTTNER ASTRID HOLZHEID MATTHIAS ROSENHAUER ROGER H. HEWINS 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1998,33(1):65-74
Abstract— Dynamic crystallization experiments performed with different container materials (Fe crucible, pure Pt wire loop, presaturated Pt wire loop) demonstrate the strong influence of Fe loss on texture, mineralogy and chemical zoning in olivine. The use of pure Pt wire loops results in severe Fe loss and prevents the development of strong Fe/Mg zoning in olivine in slower cooled runs (≤ 100 °C/h). Presaturated Pt wire loops reduce Fe loss to some extent but not completely. If severe Fe loss from the melt is avoided by the use of Fe crucibles, then cooling rates between 2000 and 1.2 °C/h yield textures, modal mineral abundances and Fe/Mg zoning in olivine comparable to natural porphyritic olivine chondrules. However, Fe gain from the crucible may possibly enhance Fe/Mg zoning in olivine for cooling rates < 10 °C/h. Therefore, it is concluded that the lower limit of cooling rates of porphyritic olivine chondrules derived from dynamic crystallization experiments is 10 °C/h, perhaps it is even lower, on the order of a few degrees Celsius per hour. This value is not significantly different from estimates for subsolidus temperatures based on the microstructure of chondrule minerals (Weinbruch and Müller, 1995). The lower limit of chondrule cooling rates of 100 °C/h advocated by Hewins (1988) and Radomsky and Hewins (1990) seems to be an artifact of the experimental technique, as their samples were crystallized in pure Pt wire loops. 相似文献
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Abstract— A controversially discussed and yet central question in interplanetary dust particle (IDP) research is the degree of alteration of these particles during their residence in the stratosphere. Especially, the typical enrichment of Br in chondritic IDPs (on the average ～21 × CI) has been inferred to be a result of contamination processes, probably invoking aerosol droplets. With time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), we examined the surfaces of 13 stratospheric particles from the dust collector U2071. Six particles had severe, surface-bound, silicone oil residues preventing a proper analysis of their surfaces. Six other particles—-according to our scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS) studies preclassified as one (Fe,Ni)S-rich IDP, one Ca-rich particle, and four aluminum-oxide spheres—-carry the halogens F, Cl, and Br on the surface. At least for the aluminum-oxide spheres, we provide unequivocal evidence for a surface correlation of halogens. This evidence, taken together with that from previous studies, proves a general stratospheric contamination process which has to be considered in IDP research. 相似文献
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不同氮磷比对中肋骨条藻和威氏海链藻生长特性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
实验室条件下用不同氮磷摩尔比(4:1,16:1,64:1)的培养液培养中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum和威氏海链藻Thalassiosira weissflogii,对它们的比生长率、细胞状态、细胞对外界氮磷营养元素的吸收和细胞内氮磷比的变化进行了研究.结果表明,氮磷比显著影响两种硅藻的生长和生理状态,氮浓度对细胞生长的影响更大.N限制组(N:P=4:1)的比生长率、细胞数量和叶绿素a含量明显低于正常条件和P限制组(N;P=64:1);威氏海链藻生长对N的变化比中肋骨条藻更为敏感,吸收外界无机氮的速率更快.营养盐充足的情况下,水体中藻细胞的氮磷比变化会较小,但由于"奢侈消费"现象的存在,在出现营养盐限制时,细胞的氮磷比组成会跟随环境的氮磷比改变,在氮限制的条件下,细胞的氮磷比会相应减少,而相反在磷限制的条件下,细胞的氮磷比会明显增加. 相似文献
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Holocene changes in atmospheric circulation patterns as shown by lake status changes in northern Europe 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Changes in lake status, a measure of relative water depth or lake level, have been reconstructed from geological and biological evidence for 87 sites in northern Europe. During the early Holocene. the lakes show conditions similar to or drier than present in a broad band across southern Britain, southern Scandinavia and into the eastern Baltic and wetter conditions along the west coast and in central Europe. This pattern is consistent with the effects of a glacial anticyclone over the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, namely enhanced southwesterly flow along the west coast and strengthened easterlies south of the ice. After c , 8000 BP a different lake status pattern was established. with conditions drier than present over much of northern Europe. Lakes higher than today were confined to the far north, the west coast, eastern Finland and western Russia. This pattern gradually attenuated after 4000 BP. Differences in lake status during the mid- to late Holocene are consistent with a strengthening of the blocking anticyclone over the Baltic Sea in summer. resulting in more meridional circulation than today. This strengthening of the blocking anticyclone during the mid-Holocene is interpreted as a consequence of insolation changes, enhanced by the fact that the Baltic Sea was larger than present. 相似文献
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During extended winter(November–April),43% of the intraseasonal rainfall variability in China is explained by three spatial patterns of temporally coherent rainfall.These patterns were identified with empirical orthogonal teleconnection(EOT) analysis of observed 1982–2007 pentad rainfall anomalies and connected to midlatitude disturbances.However,examination of individual strong EOT events shows that there is substantial inter-event variability in their dynamical evolution,which implies that precursor patterns found in regressions cannot serve as useful predictors.To understand the physical nature and origins of the extratropical precursors,the EOT technique is applied to six simulations of the Met Office Unified Model at horizontal resolutions of 200–40 km,with and without air–sea coupling.All simulations reproduce the observed precursor patterns in regressions,indicating robust underlying dynamical processes.Further investigation into the dynamics associated with observed patterns shows that Rossby wave dynamics can explain the large inter-event variability.The results suggest that the apparently slowly evolving or quasi-stationary waves in regression analysis are a statistical amalgamation of more rapidly propagating waves with a variety of origins and properties. 相似文献
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GUILÉNE GÉRÉMY WOLFRAM WOBROCK REA I. FLOSSMANN ALFONS SCHWARZENBÖCK STEPHAN MERTES 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2000,52(3):959-979
During February 1997, one of the 2 observational periods of CIME ( c loud i ce m ountain e xperiment), a joint field experiment funded by the European Commission, took place on the summit of the Puy de Dōme in the centre of France. During this experiment the droplet spectra were measured with an FSSP and the aerosol particles in the drops and in the interstitial particle phase were measured with a counterflow virtual impactor and a round jet impactor inside a windtunnel. Very low aerosol particle and drop concentrations were observed and particles as small as 25 nm in diameter were found to activate. Two datasets obtained on 15 February and 17 February were used to study the activation of the small Aitken‐mode particles and the spectral form of the droplet spectrum and the scavenging fraction. Numerous sensitivity studies were performed investigating the rôle of the number density and chemical composition of the aerosol particles. The rôle of mixing inside the orographic cloud was studied by using a new technique. It considers the fact that the air arriving on the summit of the Puy de Dôme is a mixture of air of different origins. Thus, it weighs the results of a spectral scavenging model (DESCAM or EXMIX) calculated along a number of individual trajectories. The weighing function is derived from tracer and trajectory studies with a 3‐dimensional mesoscale model. The model was able to reproduce the activation of aerosol particles as small as 25 nm. It was caused by the low aerosol particle number concentrations. In general, we can conclude that the variability found in the sensitivity tests of the dynamical and chemical factors allows to reproduce the shape of the observed results. As too many free parameters exit at the moment we cannot quantify the contribution of each factor studied to the observed scavenging fraction, however, it seems that dynamics dominates. 相似文献