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51.
Multivariate statistics were used to characterize and test the effectiveness of grain-size frequencies as environmental discriminators. Sediment from the following two depositional systems along eastern Lake Michigan were studied: (1) a closed system with respect to available grain sizes (Little Sable Point), and (2) an open system (Sleeping Bear Point-Manitou Passage). Principal components analysis shows that grain-size distributions are composed of two or more subgroups that reflect surface creep bedload, mixed suspension bedload, and uniform suspension. Discriminant function and principal latent vector analyses of the Little Sable Point environments show that, when available sediment is limited with respect to grain size (0.5 φto 3.0 φ), similar size distributions can occur in environments supposedly characterized by different energy conditions. Sediment in the Sleeping Bear Point-Manitou Passage system is not restricted to available grain sizes and the environments discriminated very well (α < 0.001). The grain-size distributions are such that they reflect differences in energy conditions within the environments. It is apparent that the grain sizes available to a depositional system control to a great extent the effectiveness of environmental discrimination. 相似文献
52.
The nearshore sediments in the Bay of Naples show a buildup of organic carbon and increased levels of lead, copper and chromium as a result of discharge of domestic and industrial waste water. Twenty to twenty-five square kilometres of bottom area have been contaminated by the buildup of anoxic muds with elevated heavy metal concentrations. 相似文献
53.
The prevailing theory for the formation of trona [Na3(CO3)(HCO3) · 2(H2O)] relies on evaporative concentration of water produced by silicate hydrolysis of volcanic rock or volcaniclastic sediments. Given the abundance of closed drainage basins dominated by volcanics, it is puzzling that there are so few trona deposits and present-day lakes that would yield dominantly Na–CO3 minerals upon evaporation. Groundwater in the San Bernardino Basin (southeastern Arizona, USA and northeastern Sonora, Mexico) would yield mainly Na–CO3 minerals upon evaporation, but waters in the surrounding basins would not. Analysis of the chemical evolution of this groundwater shows that the critical difference from the surrounding basins is not lithology, but the injection of magmatic CO2. Many major deposits of trona and Na–CO3-type lakes appear to have had “excess” CO2 input, either from magmatic sources or from the decay of organic matter. It is proposed that, along with the presence of volcanics, addition of “excess” CO2 is an important pre-condition for the formation of trona deposits. 相似文献
54.
In order to improve the reliability of the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method in identifying subsurface sinkholes and karst cavities, laboratory investigations have been performed. The main objective of this work was to examine the relationship between horizontal/vertical voids dimensions and wavelengths of various antennas, and the corresponding GPR responses. Emphasis was given to the investigation of the factors that cause the appearance of reverberation phenomena in the signal pattern.The tests were conducted in 5 m × 10 m area by 2-m-deep trench filled with homogenous, dry sand. The voids models (empty fiberglass cylinders in diameters of 0.6 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m and 2.4 m, with various heights) were buried vertically with their tops at depths of between 0.7 and 1.5 m. Investigations were performed for the various model conditions by towing 500, 300 and 100 MHz antennas along a pre-established grid, for the various model conditions.The GPR data collected using the 500 MHz bistatic antenna above the 1.0-m- and the 1.5-m-diameter cylinders, and using the 300 MHz bistatic antenna above the 1.5-m-diameter cylinder, confirmed the presence of a reverberation phenomenon, i.e. a strong convex signal pattern, containing a series of high amplitude extending oscillations with reduced frequency.Based on past practical GPR experience of void detection and presently obtained experimental data, two rules of thumbs may be adopted for the prediction of the appearance of resonant radar pictures:
- 1. The void diameter larger than the wavelength in air of the antenna used.
- 2. The vertical size of the empty void not significantly smaller than its horizontal dimension.
55.
A depth-averaged 2-D numerical model for unsteady flow, salinity and cohesive sediment transport in estuaries is established using the finite volume method on the non-staggered, curvilinear grid. The convection terms are discretized by upwind schemes, the diffusion terms are by the central difference scheme, and the time derivative terms are by the three-time-level implicit scheme. The coupling of flow velocity and water level in the 2-D shallow water equations is achieved by the SIMPLEC algorithm with the Rhie and Chow's momentum interpolation method. The sediment model calculates the settling, deposition, erosion and transport of cohesive sediment, taking into account the influence of sediment size, sediment concentration, salinity and turbulence intensity on the flocculation of cohesive sediment. The flow model is first tested against the measurement data in the Tokyo Bay and San Francisco Bay, showing good agreements. And then, the entire model of flow, salinity and sediment transport is verified in the Gironde Estuary. The water elevation, flow velocity, salinity and sediment concentration are well predicted. 相似文献
56.
U. C. Mohanty N. V. Sam S. Das A. N. V. Satyanarayana 《Journal of Earth System Science》2003,112(2):147-163
Convective activity is one of the major processes in the atmosphere influencing the local and large-scale weather in the tropics.
The latent heat released by the cumulus cloud is known to drive monsoon circulation, which on the other hand supplies the
moisture that maintains the cumulus clouds. An investigation is carried out on the convective structure of the atmosphere
during active and suppressed periods of convection using data sets obtained from the Bay of Bengal and Monsoon Experiment
(BOBMEX). The cumulus convection though being a small-scale phenomenon, still influences its embedding environment by interaction
through various scales. This study shows the variation in the kinematic and convective parameters during the transition from
suppressed to active periods of convection. Convergence in the lower levels and strong upward vertical velocity, significant
during active convection are associated with the formation of monsoon depressions. The apparent heat source due to latent
heat release and the vertical transport of the eddy heat by cumulus convection, and the apparent moisture sink due to net
condensation and vertical divergence of the eddy transport of moisture, are estimated through residuals of the thermodynamic
equation and examined in relation to monsoon activity during BOBMEX. 相似文献
57.
Machine learning innovations in address matching: A practical comparison of word2vec and CRFs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Record linkage is a frequent obstacle to unlocking the benefits of integrated (spatial) data sources. In the absence of unique identifiers to directly join records, practitioners often rely on text‐based approaches for resolving candidate pairs of records to a match. In geographic information science, spatial record linkage is a form of geocoding that pertains to the resolution of text‐based linkage between pairs of addresses into matches and non‐matches. These approaches link text‐based address sequences, integrating sources of data that would otherwise remain in isolation. While recent innovations in machine learning have been introduced in the wider record linkage literature, there is significant potential to apply machine learning to the address matching sub‐field of geographic information science. As a response, this paper introduces two recent developments in text‐based machine learning—conditional random fields and word2vec—that have not been applied to address matching, evaluating their comparative strengths and drawbacks. 相似文献
58.
Sam Buchanan 《山地科学学报》2009,6(3):286-292
A fundamental element of sustainable development is that humans live within nature's biological capacity. Quantifying this, however, remains a significant challenge for which there are many emerging tools. The concept of the Ecological Footprint is one such accounting tool for comprehensive assessment of the status of sustainable development, based on integration of resource consumption and land capacity, reflecting the human impact on the environment. A region's development is defined as unsustainable when the Ecological Footprint surpasses the biological capacity. In this paper, the Ecological Footprint concept Was applied in assessing the development of Yunnan Province, China in a period between 1988 and 2006. The results showed that the Ecological Footprint per capita in Yunnan rose from 0.854 gha in 1988 to 2.11 gha in 2006. Ecological deficit, defined as when the human demand on the land surpasses the regions biological productive capacity, emerged in 1991 and quickly increased from 0.02 gha in 1991 to 1.05 gha in 2006. The increase in the ecological deficit is primarily a result of the rapid increase in population and consumption level. To achieve sustainable development in Yunnan, production and consumption rates need to be modified. 相似文献
59.
A finite-volume method (FVM) using a multi-block grid technique has been applied to investigate the hydrodynamic coefficients and to categorize the two-dimensional flow pattern around a pair of adjacent cylinders (known here after as double cylinders). Matching grids were used at the interface between blocks (cylinders), and the boundary conditions are imposed around the periphery to exchange physical values across the interface. To validate the developed numerical method, a case with laminar viscous flow around a single cylinder was carried out, the results showed good agreement compared to previously published data. Hydrodynamic coefficients, Strouhal number, and stagnation point change were thoroughly investigated as a function of the separation between the two cylinders. It is found that the changes of hydrodynamic coefficients due to variations in separation are well characterized by the five different vortex flow patterns, which can also be used to explain the flow and vortex pattern around the double cylinders. 相似文献
60.
Near infrared coronal line emission at 1.98 ± 0.02Μm due to [Si VI] detected in the spectrum of Nova Herculis 1991 about 17
days after optical maximum is reported. The early appearance of coronal emission is yet another unusual feature of this fast
nova in which early onset of dust formation processes and X-ray detection five days after outburst have already been reported.
The coronal line observations reported here are consistent with X-ray detection and support a hot shocked circumstellar envelope
at the periphery of the dust formation zone in the nova. 相似文献