A chemostratigraphic method to determine the end of impact‐related sedimentation at marine‐target impact craters (Chesapeake Bay,Lockne, Tvären)     

Jens ORMÖ  Andrew C. HILL  Jean M. SELF‐TRAIL 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2010,45(7):1206-1224

Abstract– To better understand the impact cratering process and its environmental consequences at the local to global scale, it is important to know when in the geological record of an impact crater the impact‐related processes cease. In many instances, this occurs with the end of early crater modification, leaving an obvious sedimentological boundary between impactites and secular sediments. However, in marine‐target craters the transition from early crater collapse (i.e., water resurge) to postimpact sedimentation can appear gradual. With the a priori assumption that the reworked target materials of the resurge deposits have a different chemical composition to the secular sediments we use chemostratigraphy (δ¹³C_carb, %C_org, major elements) of sediments from the Chesapeake Bay, Lockne, and Tvären craters, to define this boundary. We show that the end of impact‐related sedimentation in these cases is fairly rapid, and does not necessarily coincide with a visual boundary (e.g., grain size shift). Therefore, in some cases, the boundary is more precisely determined by chemostratigraphy, especially carbonate carbon isotope variations, rather than by visual inspection. It is also shown how chemostratigraphy can confirm the age of marine‐target craters that were previously determined by biostratigraphy; by comparing postimpact carbon isotope trends with established regional trends.  相似文献   

基于CCD星图的空间目标精确光学定位方法研究     

谌钊  罗成  华卫红 《天文研究与技术》2010,7(3)

通过光学定位方法来确定空间目标的轨道是实现空间目标监测的重要手段之一。介绍一套小型的空间目标光学定位系统,针对该系统获取的CCD星图,提出Top-hat变换和中值滤波相结合的算法去除星图噪声,并提出基于梯度Hough变换的算法完成对CCD星图星点和轨迹的同时精确定位,最后利用星角距的旋转不变性和球面几何原理,实现对空间目标的精确定位。对分辨率为752×580的CCD实拍星图的应用研究结果表明,星图去噪算法和星点、轨迹同时精确定位算法是有效的,且空间目标的定位精度也可达到角秒量级。  相似文献   

The analytic properties of the flapping current sheets in the earth magnetotail     

Z.J. Rong  C. Shen  W.X. Wan 《Planetary and Space Science》2010,58(10):1215-1229

The current sheet in Earth’s magnetotail often flaps, and the flapping waves could be induced propagating towards the dawn and dusk flanks, which could make the current sheet dynamic. To explore the dynamic characteristics of current sheet associated with the flapping motion holistically and provide reasonable physical interpretations, detailed direct calculation and analysis have been applied to one approximate analytic model of magnetic field in the flapping current sheet. The main results from the model demonstrate: (1) the magnetic fluctuation amplitude is attenuated from the center of current sheet to the lobe regions; The larger wave amplitude would induce the larger magnetic amplitude; (2) the curvature of magnetic field lines (MFLs), with maximum at the center of current sheet, is only dependent on the displacement Z along the south-north direction from the center of current sheet, regardless of the tilt of current sheet; (3) the half-thickness of neutral sheet, h, the minimum curvature radius of MFLs, R_cmin, and the tilt angle of current sheet, δ, satisfies h=R_cmin cos δ; (4) the gradient of magnetic strength forms a double-peak profile, and the peak value would be more intense if the local current sheet is more tilted; (5) current density j and its j_y, j_z components reach the extremum at the center of CS. j and j_z would be more intense if the local current sheet is more tilted, but it is not the case for j_y; and (6) the field-aligned component of current density mainly appears in the neutral sheet, and the sign of it would change alternatively as the flapping waves passing by. To check the validity of the model, one simulation on the virtual measurements has been made, and the results are in well consistence with actual observations of Cluster.  相似文献   

Depth of settlement of two mussel species on suspended collectors in Marlborough Sounds,New Zealand (Note)     

J. L. Meredyth‐Young  R. J. Jenkins 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1):83-86

The preferred depth of settlement and settlement period of two species of mussel spat were monitored at Yncyca Bay (NZMS1 S15 220460) and Wet Inlet (NZMS1 S16 265432) in the Marlborough Sounds on collectors suspended in 0–4 m of water between 20 October 1975 and 4 April 1976. Peak settlement of Mytilus edulis aoteanus was between 20 October 1975 and 4 January 1976, and decreased with increasing depth. Peak settlement of Perna canaliculus was between 16 February 1976 and 12 April 1976, and showed no preferred depth of settlement.

Capture of wild stocks of Mytilus edulis aoteanus and Perna canaliculus spat for use in aquaculture has become more reliable through accurate forecasting of peak settlement periods, and knowledge of preferred depth of settlement of the two species.

Preferred depth of settlement of spat may affect the shore zonation of mussels.  相似文献   

Parasitic barnacles (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) from New Zealand off‐shore waters     

J⊘rgen Lützen  Henrik Glenner  Anne‐Nina Lörz 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):613-621

Nine genera and species of rhizocephalans were recorded from the off‐shore waters around New Zealand. Mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences were used to examine base differences between the European and New Zealand species of Parthenopea. Serial sections to study the internal structures of the reproductive organs were made for the genera Thylacoplethus and Thompsonia. Two species, Parthenopea australis n. sp. and Thylacoplethus novaezealandiae n. sp. are new to science and described in detail. Parthenopea australis n. sp. is the first rhizocephalan species recorded from the vicinity of active cold seeps. Three rhizocephalans could not be identified as they were parasitised by hyperparasitic cryptoniscine isopods. The decapodhost species comprised the taxa Paguridae, Lithodidae, Galatheidae, Chirostylidae, and Callianassidae.  相似文献   

Limnology of Morton dam and upper Karori reservoir,Wellington, New Zealand     

I. L. Vidal  G. W. Frieda Maris‐McArthur 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):265-300

Chemical and biological data were collected between 1947 and 1967 from Morton Dam and Upper Karori Reservoir, two artificial lakes which are part of the water supply of Wellington City, New Zealand.

Chemical analyses included the major ions, nutrients, and physical and chemical properties of engineering importance. The emphasis in biological analyses was on the dominant phytoplankters. Bacteriological results are presented as tables of plate counts and “most probable numbers” of confirmed faecal coli‐forms; iron‐fixing bacteria were identified.

Primary productivity has accelerated since 1940–42: annual maxima have increased 30‐fold at Morton Dam, and 10‐fold in Upper Karori Reservoir. In 1942, Morton Dam was believed to be oligotrophic, but the type and quantity of phytoplankton at present indicate a rapid progression to eutrophy.

Despite the extent of biological changes, no dramatic changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of either reservoir can be detected.  相似文献   

Effects of protandric sex change on radula,pedal morphology,and mobility in Crepidula fecunda (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae)     

O. R. Chaparro  S. V. Pereda  I. Bahamondes‐Rojas 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):881-890

Protandrism was confirmed in Crepidula fecunda Gallardo 1979 by histological analysis of the gonad. Individuals were classified as immature (12 mm or less in shell length), male (13–26 mm), intersex (25–28 mm), and female (over 26 mm). There was an evident loss of mobility with growth— large females became completely sessile. The presence of epithelial glands in mobile individuals was associated with the need for lubrication during crawling, whereas the proliferation of subepithelial glands in sessile females was associated with adhesion. Mobility of immature and male individuals was related to grazing activities on biofilms, and in males was also associated with copulation. Grazing activity of motile individuals was carried out so that the radula teeth did not come into direct contact with the substratum, but rather harvested the biofilm surface. Sessile females used the radula to rasp the area under their shells, thus cleaning the substratum in preparation for oviposition. Since this process required that the radula enter into direct contact with the substratum, it suffered abrasion of radular teeth and loss of radular denticles, producing important alterations in its appearance in mature females. A complex interaction was observed between size, mobility, histological changes in the foot, activity, and tooth‐wear of the radula, which have been related to the sessile habit, sex change, and the oviposition process in this species.  相似文献   

杭州湾海域春、秋季鱼类种类组成和数量分布   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

谢旭  俞存根  周青松  李德伟  叶深  郑基  余求妹 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(3):656-663

采用底层拖网法,用渔获率作为鱼类资源数量分布的指标,进行了杭州湾调查海域2012年5月(春季)、10月(秋季)2个季节的鱼类种类组成、区系特点、数量分布等研究。结果表明:(1)杭州湾海域春、秋两季共获得并鉴定出的鱼类有31种,隶属于9目15科,其中以石首鱼科和■虎鱼科的种类为最多,各有5种,分别占总种数的16.7%;鳀科鱼类次之,有4种,占总种数的13.3%,优势种有睛尾蝌蚪■虎鱼、龙头鱼、刀鲚、棘头梅童鱼;(2)根据鱼类适温性可将该海域的鱼类分为暖水性、暖温性和冷温性3种适温类型,以暖温性种类为主,暖水性种类次之,而冷温性种类极少,仅有1种;(3)根据其生态习性,可分为河口性、沿岸性和近海性3种生态类群;(4)渔获数量分布规律是春季在调查海域的内侧或者说中西部较高,而湾口较低,秋季则正好相反。  相似文献   

A hybrid artificial neural network-numerical model for ground water problems     

Szidarovszky F  Coppola EA  Long J  Hall AD  Poulton MM 《Ground water》2007,45(5):590-600

Numerical models constitute the most advanced physical-based methods for modeling complex ground water systems. Spatial and/or temporal variability of aquifer parameters, boundary conditions, and initial conditions (for transient simulations) can be assigned across the numerical model domain. While this constitutes a powerful modeling advantage, it also presents the formidable challenge of overcoming parameter uncertainty, which, to date, has not been satisfactorily resolved, inevitably producing model prediction errors. In previous research, artificial neural networks (ANNs), developed with more accessible field data, have achieved excellent predictive accuracy over discrete stress periods at site-specific field locations in complex ground water systems. In an effort to combine the relative advantages of numerical models and ANNs, a new modeling paradigm is presented. The ANN models generate accurate predictions for a limited number of field locations. Appending them to a numerical model produces an overdetermined system of equations, which can be solved using a variety of mathematical techniques, potentially yielding more accurate numerical predictions. Mathematical theory and a simple two-dimensional example are presented to overview relevant mathematical and modeling issues. Two of the three methods for solving the overdetermined system achieved an overall improvement in numerical model accuracy for various levels of synthetic ANN errors using relatively few constrained head values (i.e., cells), which, while demonstrating promise, requires further research. This hybrid approach is not limited to ANN technology; it can be used with other approaches for improving numerical model predictions, such as regression or support vector machines (SVMs).  相似文献   

Variations of Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic systematics in basalt during intensive weathering     

Jinlong Ma  Gangjian Wei  Yigang Xu  Wenguo Long 《Chemical Geology》2010,269(3-4):376-385

The Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions of both saprolites and parent rocks of a profile of intensively weathered Neogene basalt in Hainan, South China are reported in this paper to investigate changes of isotopic systematics with high masses. The results indicate that all these isotopic systematics show significant changes in saprolites compared to those in corresponding parent rocks. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr system was more seriously affected by weathering processes than other isotope systems, with ε_Sr drifts 30 to 70 away from those of the parent rocks. In the upper profile (> 2.2 m), the Sr isotopes of the saprolites show an upward increasing trend with ε_Sr changing from ~ 50 at 2.2 m to ~ 70 at 0.5 m, accompanying a upward increasing of Sr concentrations, from ~ 10 μg/g to ~ 25 μg/g. As nearly all the Sr of the parent rock has been removed during intensive weathering in this profile, the upward increasing of Sr concentrations in the upper profile suggests import of extraneous Sr. Rainwater in this region, which enriches in Sr (up to 139 μg/L) from seawater, may be the important extraneous source. Thus, the Sr isotopes of the saprolites in the upper profile may be mainly influenced by import of extraneous materials, and the Sr isotopic characteristics may not be retained. In contrast, the ε_Nd and ε_Hf of the saprolites drift only 0–2.6 and 0–3.7 away from the parent rocks, respectively. The negative drifts of the ε_Nd and ε_Hf are coupled with Nd and Hf losses in the saprolites; i.e., larger proportions of Nd and Hf loss correspond to lower ε_Nd and ε_Hf. Compared with the relative high Nd and Hf concentrations of the saprolites, the contributions of extraneous Nd and Hf both from wet and dry deposits of aeolian input are negligible. Thus, the ε_Nd and ε_Hf changes in the profile are mainly resulted from consecutive removal of the Nd and Hf. Calculation indicates that the ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios in saprolites are all significantly lower than their initial values in the parent rock. Simply removing part of the Nd and Hf by incongruent decomposing some of the minerals may not account for this. Fractionation should be happen, which ¹⁴³Nd and ¹⁷⁶Hf may be preferentially removed from the profile relative to ¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁷⁷Hf during intensive chemical weathering, resulting in lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios in saprolites relative to the parent rock, even though details for this process is not known. A positive correlation is observed between the ε_Nd and ε_Hf of the saprolites. Interestingly, the saprolites with a net loss of Nd and Hf in the upper profile show good positive correlation, and the regression line parallels the terrestrial array. By contrast, saprolites with a net gain of Nd and Hf in the lower profile generally show higher ε_Hf values at a given ε_Nd value, and the regression line between these ε_Nd and ε_Hf appears to parallel the seawater array. This supports the hypothesis that the contribution of continental Hf from chemical weathering release is the key to the obliquity of the seawater array away from the terrestrial array of the global ε_Nd and ε_Hf correlation. Our results also indicate that caution is needed when using ε_Sr, ε_Nd, and ε_Hf to trace provenances for sediments and soils.  相似文献