Waves in an elastic plate with an irregular boundary     

J. H. Sumner  H. Deresiewicz 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1972,96(1):106-126

Summary Green's function corresponding to the displacements for anSH-line source inside a wedge shaped medium finite or infinite in which the density and the elastic parameter are not constant throughout but some class of function ofr, the radial distance (i.e. and satisfy some differential equation) has been obtained. The paths of propagation of the cylindrical waves, their reflections on different boundaries and their continuous refractions within the medium has been clearly established. The scattered field from the different parts of the body have been pointed out with prescribed distribution of and in this inhomogeneous wedge. It is shown that for some distribution of and the rays are curved and the reflections at the two plane boundaries occur in such a way that no ray will go to infinity by reflection, rather they are coming back towards the apex after suitable number of reflections with variable intensity. Also there are some distributions of and in the same class as mentioned earlier, such that the behaviour of the waves is similar to that in a homogeneous wedge, i.e. these waves will go to infinity by a suitable number of reflections and ultimately die out. The first case is quite unlike the usual homogeneous medium with non parallel boundaries and so care must be taken in computing the field within the nonhomogeneous medium within the non-parallel boundaries.  相似文献   

The European Large Area ISO Survey – III. 90-μm extragalactic source counts     

Andreas Efstathiou  Seb Oliver  Michael Rowan-Robinson  C. Surace  T. Sumner  P. Héraudeau  M. J. D. Linden-Vørnle  D. Rigopoulou  S. Serjeant  R. G. Mann  C. J. Cesarsky  L. Danese  A. Franceschini  R. Genzel  A. Lawrence  D. Lemke  R. G. McMahon  G. Miley  J.-L. Puget  B. Rocca-Volmerange 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,319(4):1169-1177

We present results and source counts at 90 μm extracted from the preliminary analysis of the European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS). The survey covered about 12 deg² of the sky in four main areas and was carried out with the ISOPHOT instrument onboard the Infrared Space Observatory ( ISO ). The survey is at least an order of magnitude deeper than the IRAS 100-μm survey and is expected to provide constraints on the formation and evolution of galaxies. The majority of the detected sources are associated with galaxies on optical images. In some cases the optical associations are interacting pairs or small groups of galaxies, suggesting that the sample may include a significant fraction of luminous infrared galaxies. The source counts extracted from a reliable subset of the detected sources are in agreement with strongly evolving models of the starburst galaxy population.  相似文献   

Variation in the spatial organisation of daily rainfall during the north Queensland wet seasons, 1979–82     

G. Sumner  M. Bonell 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1988,39(2):59-72

Summary Daily rainfall correlation fields are examined for the north Queensland wet season months (November-March) for four consecutive years. Considerable monthly variation in correlation patterns is exhibited which is shown to be closely associated with the nature of the prevailing atmospheric circulation. Daily rainfall patterns are characteristically sporadic during the early part of the wet season (November and December), but later, and during January in particular, rainfall is more widespread and better organised. In February and March the degree of organisation decreases markedly as rainfall activity along the monsoon trough moves progressively northwards. During the period January to March and for days on which the monsoon trough is particularly active, there is a tendency for rainfall to be preferentially organised along marked axes. Axial eccentricity in correlation fields is related to orientation of the monsoon through when it is in the north of the region, and is also influenced by the trend of the east coast and adjacent high ground.

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Zusammenfassung Es werden Korrelationsfelder des täglichen Niederschlags für die Regenzeit Nordqueenslands (November-März) in vier aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren untersucht. Es zeigt sich eine bemerkenswerte monatliche Variation der Korrelationsmuster, die mit der vorherrschenden Zirkulation zusammenhängt. Zu Beginn der Regenzeit (November und Dezember) weisen die täglichen Niederschlagsmuster meist eine punktuelle Charakteristik auf, später jedoch, und besonders im Januar ist das Niederschlagsgebiet ausgedehnter und zusammenhängender. Der Grad der Organisation sinkt im Februar und März merklich, wenn die Niederschlagszone entlang des Monsuntroges nach Norden fortschreitet. In der Periode Januar bis März und an Tagen mit hoher monsunaler Aktivität scheint sich der Niederschlag vorzugsweise entlang ausgeprägter Achsen zu entwickeln. Die axiale Exzentrizität in den Korrelationsfeldern steht in Beziehung mit der Orientierung des Monsuntroges, wenn sich dieser nördlich der Region befindet und wird ebenfalls von der Richtung der Küstenlinie und des angrenzenden Hochlandes beeinflußt.

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The Bureau of Meteorology (1978) defined a tropical cyclone as a non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclonic, rotational low pressure system of tropical origin, in which 10-minute mean winds of at least gale force 63 km/h occur, the belt of maximum winds being in the vicinity of the system's centre.

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A tropical depression is defined as a closed, cyclonic, rotational system of tropical origin, in which mean winds at any point within the closed system do not exceed gale force (Lourensz, 1981).

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With 12 Figures  相似文献   

Intra-event characteristics of extreme erosive rainfall on Mauritius     

Werner Nel  Alexia Hauptfleisch  Paul D. Sumner  Ravindra Boojhawon  Soonil D. D. V. Rughooputh  Kumar R. Dhurmea 《自然地理学》2016,37(3-4):264-275

Mauritius is a volcanic island with a raised interior where extreme rainfall events dominate rainfall erosivity. Intra-event characteristics of the 120 highest erosive events at six selected locations between 2004 and 2008 were analyzed to provide the first detailed intra-storm data for a tropical island environment. On Mauritius, spatial variation is evident in the characteristics of extreme erosive rainfall recorded at the stations, with a noticeable increase in rainfall depth, duration, kinetic energy, and erosivity of extreme events with altitude. Extreme events in the raised interior (central plateau) show high variability of peak intensity over time as well as a higher percentage of events in which the greatest intensity occurs in the latter part of the event. Intra-event distribution of rainfall in the interior of the island shows that rainfall there has a higher potential to exceed infiltration rates as well as the ability to generate high peak runoff rates and cause substantial soil loss. The study suggests that even though within-event rainfall characteristics are complex, they have implications for soil erosion risk, and that, in tropical island environments, the within-storm distribution of rainfall should be incorporated in soil-loss modeling.  相似文献   

A contemporary winter ground thermal profile in the Lesotho highlands and implications for active and relict soil frost phenomena     

Paul Sumner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(13):1451-1458

A 2 m deep ground thermal pro?le is constructed from temperature data collected over the winter and spring of 2000 at 3220 m a.s.l. near the Thabana Ntlenyana summit (3482 m) in Lesotho, southern Africa. The zero isotherm is found to have penetrated to 0·16 m soil depth. Ground remained frozen at 0·05 m for a total of 79 days and for shorter periods at 0·02 m and 0·10 m. Diurnal freezing and thawing is restricted to the upper 0·10 m and conforms to the observed depth of active micro‐patterned ground found in the region. Holocene temperature depressions projected along the thermal pro?le can account for freezing down to 0·45 to 0·65 m. Deeper sorting to 1 m, evident from relict patterned ground near the logger site, corresponds to at least a 2·5 °C temperature depression and such landforms are evidently pre‐Holocene. Projections indicate a seasonal freezing depth exceeding 2 m during the Pleistocene Last Glacial Maximum although the existence of permafrost appears unlikely. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An estimate of the effects of climate change on the rainfall of Mediterranean Spain by the late twenty first century     

G. N. Sumner  R. Romero  V. Homar  C. Ramis  S. Alonso  E. Zorita 《Climate Dynamics》2003,20(7-8):789-805

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Implications for Neoarchaean ocean chemistry from primary carbonate mineralogy of the Campbellrand-Malmani Platform, South Africa   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Dawn Y. Sumner  John P. Grotzinger† 《Sedimentology》2004,51(6):1273-1299

The precipitation of calcite and aragonite as encrustations directly on the seafloor was an important platform‐building process during deposition of the 2560–2520 Ma Campbellrand‐Malmani carbonate platform, South Africa. Aragonite fans and fibrous coatings are common in unrestricted, shallow subtidal to intertidal facies. They are also present in restricted facies, but are absent from deep subtidal facies. Decimetre‐thick fibrous calcite encrustations are present to abundant in all depositional environments except the deepest slope and basinal facies. The proportion of the rock composed of carbonate that precipitated as encrustations or in primary voids ranges from 0% to > 65% depending on the facies. Subtidal facies commonly contain 20–35%in situ precipitated carbonate, demonstrating that Neoarchaean sea water was supersaturated with respect to aragonite, carbonate crystal growth rates were rapid compared with sediment influx rates, and the dynamics of carbonate precipitation were different from those in younger carbonate platforms. The abundance of aragonite pseudomorphs suggests that sea‐water pH was neutral to alkaline, whereas the paucity of micrite suggests the presence of inhibitors to calcite and aragonite nucleation in the mixed zone of the oceans.  相似文献   

Formation of clastogenic lava flows during fissure eruption and scoria cone collapse: the 1986 eruption of Izu-Oshima Volcano, eastern Japan     

Janet M. Sumner 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1998,60(3):195-212

The 1986 eruption of B fissure at Izu-Oshima Volcano, Japan, produced, among other products, one andesite and two basaltic andesite lava flows. Locally the three flows resemble vent-effused holocrystalline blocky or aa lava; however, remnant clast outlines can be identified at most localities, indicating that the flows were spatter fed or clastogenic. The basaltic andesite flows are interpreted to have formed by two main processes: (a) reconstitution of fountain-generated spatter around vent areas by syn-depositional agglutination and coalescence, followed by extensional non-particulate flow, and (b) syn-eruptive collapse of a rapidly built spatter and scoria cone by rotational slip and extensional sliding. These processes produced two morphologically distinct lobes in both flows by: (a) earlier non-particulate flow of agglutinate and coalesced spatter, which formed a thin lobe of rubbly aa lava (ca. 5 m thick) with characteristic open extension cracks revealing a homogeneous, holocrystalline interior, and (b) later scoria-cone collapse, which created a larger lobe of irregular thickness (<20 m) made of large detached blocks of scoria cone interpreted to have been rafted along on a flow of coalesced spatter. The source regions of these lava flows are characterized by horseshoe-shaped scarps (<30 m high), with meso-blocks (ca. 30 m in diameter) of bedded scoria at the base. One lava flow has a secondary lateral collapse zone with lower (ca. 7 m) scarps. Backward-tilted meso-blocks are interpreted to be the product of rotational slip, and forward-tilted blocks the result of simple toppling. Squeeze-ups of coalesced spatter along the leading edge of the meso-blocks indicate that coalescence occurred in the basal part of the scoria cone. This low-viscosity, coalesced spatter acted as a lubricating layer along which basal failure of the scoria cone occurred. Rotational sliding gave way to extensional translational sliding as the slide mass spread out onto the present caldera floor. Squeeze-ups concentrated at the distal margin indicate that the extensional regime changed to one of compression, probably as a result of cooling of the flow front. Sliding material piled up behind the slowing flow front, and coalesced spatter was squeezed up from the interior of the flow through fractures and between rafted blocks. The andesite flow, although morphologically similar to the other two flows, has a slightly different chemical composition which corresponds to the earliest stage of the eruption. It is a much smaller lava flow emitted from the base of the scoria cone 2 days after the eruption had ceased. This lava is interpreted to have been formed by post-depositional coalescence of spatter under the influence of the in-situ cooling rate and load pressure of the deposit. Extrusion occurred through the lower part of the scoria cone, and subsequent non-particulate flow of coalesced material produced a blocky and aa lava flow. The mechanisms of formation of the lava flows described may be more common during explosive eruptions of mafic magma than previously envisaged. Received: 30 May 1997 / Accepted: 19 May 1998  相似文献   

In a PICL: The sedimentary deposits and facies of perennially ice‐covered lakes     

Frances Rivera‐Hernandez  Dawn Y. Sumner  Tyler J. Mackey  Ian Hawes  Dale T. Andersen 《Sedimentology》2019,66(3):917-939

Perennially ice‐covered lakes can have significantly different facies than open‐water lakes because sediment is transported onto the ice, where it accumulates, and sand grains preferentially melt through to be deposited on the lake floor. To characterize the facies in these lakes, sedimentary deposits from five Antarctic perennially ice‐covered lakes were described using lake‐bottom observations, underwater video and images, and sediment cores. One lake was dominated by laminated microbial mats and mud (derived from an abutting glacier), with disseminated sand and rare gravel. The other four lakes were dominated by laminated microbial mats and moderately well to moderately sorted medium to very coarse sand with sparse granules and pebbles; they contained minor interstitial or laminated mud (derived from streams and abutting glaciers). The sand was disseminated or localized in mounds and 1 m to more than 10 m long elongate ridges. Mounds were centimetres to metres in diameter; conical, elongate or round in shape; and isolated or deposited near or on top of one another. Sand layers in the mounds had normal, inverse, or no grading. Nine mixed mud and sand facies were defined for perennially ice‐covered lakes based on the relative proportion of mud to sand and the style of sand deposition. While perennially ice‐covered lake facies overlap with other ice‐influenced lakes and glaciomarine facies, they are characterized by a paucity of grains coarser than granules, a narrow range in sand grain sizes, and inverse grading in the sand mounds. These facies can be used to infer changes in ice cover through time and to identify perennially ice‐covered lakes in the rock record. Ancient perennially ice‐covered lakes are expected on Earth and Mars, and their characterization will provide new insights into past climatic conditions and habitability.  相似文献   

The European Large Area ISO Survey – IV. The preliminary 90-μm luminosity function     

S. Serjeant  A. Efstathiou  S. Oliver  C. Surace  P. Héraudeau  M. J. D. Linden-Vørnle  C. Gruppioni  F. La Franca  D. Rigopoulou  T. Morel  H. Crockett  T. Sumner  M. Rowan-Robinson  M. Graham 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,322(2):262-268

We present the luminosity function of 90-μm-selected galaxies from the European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS), extending to z =0.3. Their luminosities are in the range 10⁹65⁻² L /L_⊙<10¹², i.e. non-ultraluminous. From our sample of 37 reliably detected galaxies in the ELAIS S1 region from the Efstathiou et al. S ₉₀100 mJy data base, we have found optical, 15-μm or 1.4-GHz identifications for 24 (65 per cent). We have obtained 2dF and UK Schmidt FLAIR spectroscopy of 89 per cent of identifications to rigid multivariate flux limits. We construct a luminosity function assuming that (i) our spectroscopic subset is an unbiased sparse sample, and (ii) there are no galaxies that would not be represented in our spectroscopic sample at any redshift. We argue that we can be confident of both assumptions. We find that the luminosity function is well described by the local 100-μm luminosity function of Rowan-Robinson, Helou & Walker. Assuming this local normalization, we derive luminosity evolution of (1+ z )^2.45±0.85 (95 per cent confidence). We argue that star formation dominates the bolometric luminosities of these galaxies, and we derive comoving star formation rates in broad agreement with the Flores et al. and Rowan-Robinson et al. mid-infrared-based estimates.  相似文献