Analysis of benzene transport in a two‐dimensional aquifer model     

Jae‐Woo Choi  Heon‐Cheol Ha  Song‐Bae Kim  Dong‐Ju Kim 《水文研究》2005,19(13):2481-2489

In this study, the fate and transport of aqueous benzene was investigated in a laboratory‐scale homogeneous aquifer by conducting a two‐dimensional plume test. Benzene solution was introduced as a pulse type along the width of the aquifer model through a recharge zone situated at the upper‐left part of the model and followed by a steady state flow. Solution samples were collected at various locations on the front side of the model to capture two‐dimensional plumes at discrete time intervals. The benzene plumes showed a moderate retardation relative to chloride plumes observed from the previous study conducted for the same aquifer model. The retardation factor was obtained from the ratio of travel distances of benzene peaks to chloride peaks from the injection point, computed using a line integral method. Mass recovery of aqueous benzene revealed that there was a significant reduction of benzene mass, indicating the occurrence of volatilization and/or irreversible sorption during transport. Thus, retardation along with volatilization and/or irreversible sorption may be important processes affecting the fate and transport of aqueous benzene in the aquifer model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

北方农牧交错带的地理界定及其生态问题   总被引：121，自引：1，他引：121  

赵哈林  赵学勇  张铜会  周瑞莲 《地球科学进展》2002,17(5):739-747

我国北方农牧交错带主要分布于降水量300～450 mm，干燥度 1～2的内蒙古高原南缘和长城沿线，其东界和南界为黑龙江的龙江、安达，吉林的乾安和长岭，辽宁的康平、阜新，河北的丰宁、淮安，山西的浑源、五寨，陕西神木、榆林，甘肃环县，宁夏同心；其西界和北界为内蒙古的陈巴尔虎旗、乌兰浩特、林西、多伦、托克托、鄂托克和宁夏盐池。行政区划涉及 9省106个旗（县市），总面积654564km²。全区耕地总面积804.69万hm²，人均占有耕地 0.32hm²，农、林、牧用地比例为 1.0∶1.17∶3.67。主要生态问题为：沙漠化急剧发展、可利用土地资源锐减；草地退化、沙化、盐渍化严重，承载力急剧下降；生态环境恶化，自然灾害频繁。其原因除了受自然不利因素影响和现代人为强烈干扰外，还有沙漠化的历史烙印、现代农牧交错带的北移错位和经济地理三大原因。该区的退化生态治理应注意：大部分地区要逐步用榆、柳、松、杏等乡土树种取代高耗水肥的杨树树种，采取以灌木为主的乔灌草结合的带状造林方式，建立类似原生植被的人工疏林草原植被，充分发挥其生态屏障作用。农业应以发展灌溉农业和保护型农业为主攻方向，改变生产经营方式，大力提高生产水平、防止土地沙漠化。  相似文献   

Application of spatial EOF and multivariate time series model for evaluating agricultural drought vulnerability in Korea     

Dae Ha Kim  Tae-Woong Kim 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(3):340-350

This study proposed a methodology using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and multivariate time series model for the analysis of drought both in time and space. The methodology proposed was then applied to evaluate the vulnerability of agricultural drought of major river basins in Korea. First, the three-month SPI data from 59 rain gauge stations over the Korean Peninsula were analyzed by deriving and spatially characterizing the EOFs. The shapes of major estimated EOFs were found to well reflect the observed spatial pattern of droughts. Second, the coefficient time series of estimated EOFs were then fitted by a multivariate time series model to generate the SPI data for 10,000 years, which were used to derive the annual maxima series of areal average drought severity over the Korean Peninsula. These annual maxima series were then analyzed to determine the mean drought severity for given return periods. Four typical spatial patterns of drought severity could also be selected for those return periods considered. This result shows that the southern part of the Korean Peninsula is most vulnerable to drought than the other parts. Finally, the agricultural drought vulnerability was evaluated by considering the potential water supply from dams. In an ideal case, when all the maximum dam storage was assumed to be assigned to agriculture, all river basins in Korea were found to have the potential to overcome a 30-year drought. However, under more realistic conditions considering average dam storage and water allocation priorities, most of the river basins could not overcome a 30-year drought.  相似文献   

Wells in the historical records of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea     

Ha K  Lee Y 《Ground water》2011,49(2):295-299

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Integrative assessment of sediment quality in terms of chemical contamination in Jinhae Bay,South Korea     

Sang Hee Hong  Gi Myung Han  Un Hyuk Yim  Dhong-il Lim  Sung Yong Ha  Nam Sook Kim  Won Joon Shim 《Ocean Science Journal》2014,49(3):265-278

The assessment of sediment quality by considering chemical contaminants is required for the effective management of coastal environments. In this study, complex data sets of heavy metals and organic pollutants were integrated to evaluate sediment quality. Thirty-two target pollutants were quantitatively determined in surface sediments from 80 stations in Jinhae Bay, South Korea. A sediment quality index (SQI) was derived by combining the functions of “scope” (the number of variables that do not meet guideline objectives) and “amplitude” (the magnitude by which these variables exceed the guideline objective). The SQI reflects the spatial gradient and differences in the contamination status with regard to heavy metals and organic pollutants in Jinhae Bay. Fifty-nine out of eighty stations surveyed (74%) were classified as being in “excellent” or “good” condition according to the SQI, and no stations were in a “poor” condition. The mean sediment quality guideline quotient (mSGQq) ranged from 0.06 to 0.31 (from nontoxic to marginally toxic). Acute sediment toxicity leading to amphipod mortality was recorded at 17 stations (21%) of the 80 surveyed, where the mortality rate was slightly over 20%. No significant relationship was observed between sediment toxicity and the concentration of each toxicant or mSQGq.  相似文献   

Biochemical responses of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) to low levels of dissolved oxygen in Gamak Bay     

Jee-Hyun Jung  Ha Na Kim  Young Sun Chae  Won Joon Shim 《Ocean Science Journal》2014,49(3):241-247

Gamak Bay is one of the largest aquaculture areas in the South Sea of Korea and exhibits hypoxia conditions during the summer. The harmful effects of hypoxia on aquaculture fish stock have not been elucidated. This study describes the biochemical effects of low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) on cultivated juvenile Sebastes schlegeli in Gamak Bay. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) gene was induced significantly in S. schlegeli collected from low oxygen level areas, which suggests that fluctuations in the DO induces the expression of HIF1α. The level of antioxidant enzyme exhibited significantly higher activities in fish obtained from station F2 in which low levels of DO were shown in 2010 and 2011. The results of this study demonstrate that cultivated S. schlegeli are affected by the low levels of DO in Gamak Bay and superoxide dismutase enzymes operate dependently with HIF1α. The plasma glucose level did not exhibit significant difference in the fish among the sampling stations. We noted that HIF1α and the superoxide dismutase enzymes are useful biomarkers that might enable the detection of otherwise unnoticed hypoxic stress.  相似文献   

Interdecadal change in the Northern Hemisphere seasonal climate prediction skill: part II. predictability and prediction skill     

XiaoJing Jia  June-Yi Lee  Hai Lin  Harry Hendon  Kyung-Ja Ha 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(5-6):1611-1630

The interdecadal change in seasonal predictability and numerical models’ seasonal forecast skill in the Northern Hemisphere are examined using both observations and the seasonal hindcast from six coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models from the 21 period of 1960–1980 (P1) to that of 1981–2001 (P2). It is shown that the one-month lead seasonal forecast skill of the six models’ multi-model ensemble is significantly increased from P1 to P2 for all four seasons. We identify four possible reasons accounting for the interdecadal change of the seasonal forecast skill. Firstly, the numerical model’s ability to simulate the mean state, the time variability and the spatial structures of the sea surface temperature and precipitation over the tropical Pacific is improved in P2 compared to P1. Secondly, an examination of the potential predictability of the atmosphere, estimated by the ratio of the total variance to the variance due to the internal dynamics of the model atmosphere, reveals that the atmospheric potential predictability is significantly increased after 1980s which is mainly due to an increased influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation signal over the North Pacific and North American regions. Thirdly, the long-term climate trends in the atmosphere are found to contribute, to some extent, to the increased seasonal forecast skill especially over the Eurasian regions. Finally, the improved ocean observations in P2 may provide better initial conditions for the coupled models’ seasonal forecast.  相似文献   

Interdecadal changes in the Asian winter monsoon variability and its relationship with ENSO and AO   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kyung-Sook Yun  Ye-Won Seo  Kyung-Ja Ha  June-Yi Lee  Yoshiyuki Kajikawa 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2014,50(4):531-540

Interdecadal changes in the Asian winter monsoon (AWM) variability are investigated using three surface air temperature datasets for the 55-year period of 1958–2012 from (1) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis 1 (NCEP), (2) combined datasets from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-yr reanalysis and interim data (ERA), and (3) Japanese 55-year reanalysis (JRA). Particular attention has been paid to the first four empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of the AWM temperature variability that together account for 64% of the total variance and have been previously identified as predictable modes. The four modes are characterized as follows: the first mode by a southern warming over the Indo-western Pacific Ocean associated with a gradually increasing basin-wide warming trend; the second mode by northern warming with the interdecadal change after the late 1980s; the third and fourth modes by north-south triple pattern, which reveal a phase shift after the late 1970s. The three reanalyses agree well with each other when producing the first three modes, but show large discrepancy in capturing both spatial and temporal characteristics of the fourth mode. It is therefore considered that the first three leading modes are more reliable than the rest higher modes. Considerable interdecadal changes are found mainly in the first two modes. While the first mode shows gradually decreasing variance, the second mode exhibits larger interannual variance during the recent decade. In addition, after the late 1970s, the first mode has a weakening relationship with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) whereas the second mode has strengthening association with the Artic Oscillation (AO). This indicates an increasing role of AO but decreasing role of ENSO on the AWM variability. A better understanding of the interdecadal change in the dominant modes would contribute toward advancing in seasonal prediction and the predictability of the AWM variability.  相似文献   

Machine learning approaches to coastal water quality monitoring using GOCI satellite data     

Yong Hoon Kim  Ho Kyung Ha  Jong-Kuk Choi  Sunghyun Ha 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2014,51(2):158-174

Since coastal waters are one of the most vulnerable marine systems to environmental pollution, it is very important to operationally monitor coastal water quality. This study attempts to estimate two major water quality indicators, chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations, in coastal environments on the west coast of South Korea using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) satellite data. Three machine learning approaches including random forest, Cubist, and support vector regression (SVR) were evaluated for coastal water quality estimation. In situ measurements (63 samples) collected during four days in 2011 and 2012 were used as reference data. Due to the limited number of samples, leave-one-out cross validation (CV) was used to assess the performance of the water quality estimation models. Results show that SVR outperformed the other two machine learning approaches, yielding calibration R² of 0.91 and CV root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) of 1.74 mg/m³ (40.7%) for chl-a, and calibration R² of 0.98 and CV RMSE of 11.42 g/m³ (63.1%) for SPM when using GOCI-derived radiance data. Relative importance of the predictor variables was examined. When GOCI-derived radiance data were used, the ratio of band 2 to band 4 and bands 6 and 5 were the most influential input variables in predicting chl-a and SPM concentrations, respectively. Hourly available GOCI images were useful to discuss spatiotemporal distributions of the water quality parameters with tidal phases in the west coast of Korea.  相似文献   

Seasonal variation of meteor decay times observed at King Sejong Station (62.22°S, 58.78°W), Antarctica     

Jeong-Han Kim  Yong Ha Kim  Chang-Sup Lee  Geonhwa Jee 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(11-12):883-889

We analyzed meteor decay times measured by a VHF radar at King Sejong Station by classifying strong and weak meteors according to their estimated electron line densities. The height profiles of monthly averaged decay times show a peak whose altitude varies with season at altitudes of 80?85 km. The higher peak during summer is consistent with colder temperatures that cause faster chemical reactions of electron removal. By adopting temperature dependent empirical recombination rates from rocket experiments and meteor electron densities of 2×10⁵?2×10⁶ cm^?3 in a decay time model, we are able to account for decreasing decay times below the peak for all seasons without invoking meteor electron removal by hypothetical icy particles.  相似文献