Simultaneous Growth of Spirulina platensis and Removal of Hardness in Van Lake Water     

Olcayto Keskinkan  Oya Işık  Turan Yılmaz  Behzat Balcı  Leyla H. Uslu  Çağatayhan B. Ersü 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(1):34-38

In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate simultaneous growth of Spirulina platensis and removal of hardness in the Van Lake Water (VLW). Laboratory‐scale studies showed ample Spirulina growth observed in VLW when exposed to light. Spirulina was the only algal specimen inoculated in the water during the study. VLW percentages were varied between 0.1 and 100% while pH values were 8.7–10.42 in the flasks. On a dry‐weight basis the biomass concentration was 1.18 g L^?1 at pH 10 after 17 days of incubation in the VLW. The increase of pH to above 10.38 associated with Spirulina growth resulted in the precipitation of hardness causing compounds while providing 70% hardness removal from the VLW medium. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method can be used to design batch systems for producing S. platensis and removal of hardness from the VLW.  相似文献   

Operational Cost Comparison of Several Pre‐Treatment Techniques for OMW Treatment     

Tamer Coşkun  Eyüp Debik  Neslihan Manav Demır 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(1):95-99

Olive mill wastewaters (OMWs), which are known to have deep impacts on the receiving water bodies due to their high‐strength contents of organic materials and color, must be treated before discharge. For this reason; a number of research studies have been available in current literature related to the treatment of OMWs. However, no widely accepted treatment alternatives have been proposed yet. The common results of these studies suggest that OMWs must be pretreated prior to final purification processes. This study focuses on the comparison of alternative pre‐treatment processes in the aspect of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and costs of operation. Centrifuging, lime precipitation, acid cracking, and electrocoagulation processes were performed to compare removal efficiencies and operational costs. The COD removal efficiencies for centrifuging, lime precipitation, acid cracking, and electrocoagulation processes were determined to be 30.1, 24.1, 20.0, 53.7%, respectively, with operational costs being $0.30, $0.37, $1.42, and $11.60 per cubic meter of wastewater treated, respectively. The centrifuging process was concluded to be the most appropriate one according to the COD removal efficiency and cost of operation.  相似文献   

Fragility functions for code complying RC frames via best correlated IM–EDP pairs     

Ufuk Hancilar  Eser Çaktı 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2015,13(11):3381-3400

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Spent Mushroom Compost as Biosorbent for Dye Biosorption          下载免费PDF全文

Aslı Toptas  Salih Demierege  Ebru Mavioglu Ayan  Jale Yanik 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(12):1721-1728

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Stochastically simulated blast-induced ground motion effects on nonlinear response of an industrial masonry chimney     

Kemal Hacıefendioğlu  Emre Alpaslan 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2014,28(2):415-427

This paper presents the dynamic response analysis of industrial masonry chimney subjected to artificially generated surface blast induced ground shock by using a three-dimensional finite element model. The effects of surface blast-induced ground shocks on nearby structures depend on the distance between the explosion centre and the structure, and charge weight. Blast-induced ground motions can be represented by power spectral density function and applied to each support point of the 3D finite element model of the industrial masonry system. In this study, a parametric study is mainly conducted to estimate the effect of the blast-induced ground motions on the nonlinear response of a chimney type masonry structure. Therefore, the analysis was carried out for different values of the charge weights and distances from the charge center. The initial crack and propagation of the crack pattern at the base of the chimney were evaluated. Moreover, the maximum stresses and displacements through the height of the chimney were investigated. The results of the study underline that blast-induced ground motions effects should be considered to perform the non-linear dynamic analysis of masonry type chimney structures more accurately.  相似文献   

Compatible ground-motion prediction equations for damping scaling factors and vertical-to-horizontal spectral amplitude ratios for the broader Europe region   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

S. Akkar  M. A. Sandıkkaya  B. Ö. Ay 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(1):517-547

In a companion article Akkar et al. (Bull Earthq Eng, doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9461-4, 2013a; Bull Earthq Eng, doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9508-6, 2013b) present a new ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) for estimating 5 %-damped horizontal pseudo-acceleration spectral (PSA) ordinates for shallow active crustal regions in Europe and the Middle East. This study provides a supplementary viscous damping model to modify 5 %-damped horizontal spectral ordinates of Akkar et al. (Bull Earthq Eng, doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9461-4 2013a; Bull Earthq Eng, doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9508-6, 2013b) for damping ratios ranging from 1 to 50 %. The paper also presents another damping model for scaling 5 %-damped vertical spectral ordinates that can be estimated from the vertical-to-horizontal (V/H) spectral ratio GMPE that is also developed within the context of this study. For consistency in engineering applications, the horizontal and vertical damping models cover the same damping ratios as noted above. The article concludes by introducing period-dependent correlation coefficients to compute horizontal and vertical conditional mean spectra (Baker in J Struct Eng 137:322–331, 2011). The applicability range of the presented models is the same as of the horizontal GMPE proposed by Akkar et al. (Bull Earthq Eng, doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9461-4 2013a; Bull Earthq Eng, doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9508-6, 2013b): as for spectral periods $0.01 \hbox { s}\le \,\hbox {T}\le \,4\hbox { s}$ as well as PGA and PGV for V/H model; and in terms of seismological estimator parameters $4\le \hbox {M}_\mathrm{w} \le 8, \hbox { R} \le 200 \hbox { km}, 150\hbox { m/s}\le \hbox { V}_\mathrm{S30}\le $ 1,200 m/s, for reverse, normal and strike-slip faults. The source-to-site distance measures that can be used in the computations are epicentral $(\hbox {R}_\mathrm{epi})$ , hypocentral $(\hbox {R}_\mathrm{hyp})$ and Joyner–Boore $(\hbox {R}_\mathrm{JB})$ distances. The implementation of the proposed GMPEs will facilitate site-specific adjustments of the spectral amplitudes predicted from probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in Europe and the Middle East region. They can also help expressing the site-specific design ground motion in several formats. The consistency of the proposed models together with the Akkar et al. (Bull Earthq Eng, doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9461-4 2013a; Bull Earthq Eng, doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9508-6, 2013b) GMPE may be advantageous for future modifications in the ground-motion definition in Eurocode 8 (CEN in Eurocode 8, Design of structures for earthquake resistance—part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. European Standard NF EN 1998-1, Brussels, 2004).  相似文献   

Capacity and ductility demand estimation procedures for preliminary design of coupled core wall systems of tall buildings     

Eren Vuran  M. Nuray Aydınoğlu 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2016,14(3):721-745

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Using high resolution images and elevation data in classifying erosion risks of bare soil areas in the Hatila Valley Natural Protected Area, Turkey   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

Habip Eroğlu  Günay Çakır  Fatih Sivrikaya  Abdullah E. Akay 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2010,24(5):699-704

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems. In the case of small scale areas where soil properties and climate have relatively uniform characteristics, vegetation cover and topography (i.e. ground slope) are the main factors that affect the amount of soil erosion. Lack of vegetation cover on bare soil areas, including forest road side slopes, especially in mountainous regions with steep slopes, may significantly increase the erosion rate. Determining and classifying erosion risks in such areas can help preventing environmental impacts. In this study, remotely sensed data and elevation data were used to extract and classify bare soil erosion risk areas for a study area selected from Hatila Valley Natural Protected Area in northeastern Turkey. High resolution IKONOS imagery was used to apply land use classification in ERDAS Imagine 9.0. To generate erosion risk map of the bare soil areas, classified image was superimposed on top of slope map, generated based on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in ArcGIS 9.2. The results indicated that 1.43, 5.85, 34.62, 53.16, and 4.94% of the bare soil areas in the study area were under very low, low, medium, high, and very high erosion risks, respectively. The overall classification accuracy of 82.5% indicated the potential of the proposed methodology.  相似文献   

The sources of metal contents in the shelf sediments from the Marmara Sea, Turkey     

Oya Algan  Nuray Balkıs  M. Namık Çağatay  Erol Sarı 《Environmental Geology》2004,46(6-7):932-950

The shelf area is the largest morphological unit of the Marmara Sea and is subjected to increasing population, urbanization, and industrial activities. Metal contents (Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co and Hg) of the surface sediments from the shelf areas of the Marmara Sea generally do not indicate shelf-wide pollution. The variability of the metal contents of the shelf sediments is mainly governed by the geochemical differences in the northern and southern hinterlands. Northern shelf sediments contain lower values compared to those of the southern shelf, where higher Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn are derived from the rock formations and mineralized zones. However, besides from the natural high background in the southern shelf, some anthropogenic influences are evident from EF values of Pb, Zn and Cu, and also from their high mobility in the semi-isolated bay sediments. Anthropogenic influences are found to be limited at the confluence of Istanbul Strait in the northern shelf. However, suspended sediments along the shallow parts of the northern shelf were found to be enriched in Pb and Hg and to a lesser degree in Zn, reflecting anthropogenic inputs from Istanbul Metropolitan and possibly from the Black Sea via the Istanbul Strait.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the twenty-first century RCM simulations driven by multiple GCMs over the Eastern Mediterranean–Black Sea region     

Barış Önol  Deniz Bozkurt  Ufuk Utku Turuncoglu  Omer Lutfi Sen  H. Nuzhet Dalfes 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(7-8):1949-1965

In this study, human-induced climate change over the Eastern Mediterranean–Black Sea region has been analyzed for the twenty-first century by performing regional climate model simulations forced with large-scale fields from three different global circulation models (GCMs). Climate projections have been produced with Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A2, A1FI and B1 scenarios, which provide greater diversity in climate information for future period. The gradual increases for temperature are widely apparent during the twenty-first century for each scenario simulation, but ECHAM5-driven simulation generally has a weaker signal for all seasons compared to CCSM3 simulations except for the Fertile Crescent. The contrast in future temperature change between the winter and summer seasons is very strong for CCSM3-A2-driven and HadCM3-A2-driven simulations over Carpathians and Balkans, 4–5 °C. In addition, winter runoff over mountainous region of Turkey, which feeds many river systems including the Euphrates and Tigris, increases in second half of the century since the snowmelt process accelerates where the elevation is higher than 1,500 m. Moreover, analysis of daily temperature outputs reveals that the gradual decrease in daily minimum temperature variability for January during the twenty-first century is apparent over Carpathians and Balkans. Analysis of daily precipitation extremes shows that positive trend is clear during the last two decades of the twenty-first century over Carpathians for both CCSM3-driven and ECHAM5-driven simulations. Multiple-GCM driven regional climate simulations contribute to the quantification of the range of climate change over a region by performing detailed comparisons between the simulations.  相似文献