Fuel saving by asymmetric afterbodies for single-screw vessels     

Günter Collatz 《Ocean Engineering》1983,10(4):213-226

This article deals with model test results of a container vessel having a low block coefficient. It was fitted with an asymmetric afterbody in order to improve the water flow to the propeller and thus the propulsion. Power savings of more than 7% were attained, an interesting percentage under economic aspects. Calculations based on the wake distribution measurements showed that the variations of forces and moments at the propeller shaft were markedly below the permissible limits and that the pressure fluctuations on the shell could be reduced considerably.  相似文献   

Potential of time‐lapse photography for identifying saturation area dynamics on agricultural hillslopes          下载免费PDF全文

Rasmiaditya Silasari  Juraj Parajka  Camillo Ressl  Peter Strauss  Günter Blöschl 《水文研究》2017,31(21):3610-3627

Mapping saturation areas during rainfall events is important for understanding the dynamics of overland flow. In this study, we evaluate the potential of high temporal resolution time‐lapse photography for mapping the dynamics of saturation areas (i.e., areas where water is visually ponding on the surface) on the hillslope scale during natural rainfall. We take 1 image per minute over a 100 × 15 m² depression area on an agricultural field in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory, Austria. The images are georectified and classified by an automated procedure, using grey intensity as a threshold to identify saturation area. The optimum threshold T is obtained by comparing saturation areas from the automated analysis with the manual analysis of 149 images. T is found to be highly correlated with an image brightness characteristic defined as the greyscale image histogram mode M (Pearson correlation r = 0.91). We estimate T as T = M + C where C is a calibration parameter assumed to be constant during each event. The automated procedure estimates the total saturation area close to the manual analysis with mean normalized root mean square error of 9% and 21% if C is calibrated for each event and taken constant for all events, respectively. The spatial patterns of saturation are estimated with a geometric mean accuracy index of 94% as compared to the manual analysis of the same photos. The patterns are tested against field observations for one date as a preliminary demonstration, which yields a root mean square error of the shortest distance between the measured boundary points and the automatically classified boundary as 23 cm. The usefulness of the patterns is illustrated by exploring run‐off generation processes of an example event. Overall, the proposed classification method based on grey intensity is found to process images with highly varying brightnesses well. It is more efficient than the manual tracing for a large number of images, which allows the exploration of surface flow processes at high temporal resolution.  相似文献   

Multiple P–T–d–t paths reveal the evolution of the final Nuna assembly in northeast Australia     

Silvia Volante  Amaury Pourteau  William J. Collins  Eleanore Blereau  Zheng-Xiang Li  Matthijs Smit  Noreen J. Evans  Adam R. Nordsvan  Chris J. Spencer  Brad J. McDonald  Jiangyu Li  Christina Günter 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2020,38(6):593-627

The final assembly of the Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna was marked by the collision of Laurentia and Australia at 1.60 Ga, which is recorded in the Georgetown Inlier of NE Australia. Here, we decipher the metamorphic evolution of this final Nuna collisional event using petrostructural analysis, major and trace element compositions of key minerals, thermodynamic modelling, and multi-method geochronology. The Georgetown Inlier is characterised by deformed and metamorphosed 1.70–1.62 Ga sedimentary and mafic rocks, which were intruded by c. 1.56 Ga old S-type granites. Garnet Lu–Hf and monazite U–Pb isotopic analyses distinguish two major metamorphic events (M1 at c. 1.60 Ga and M2 at c. 1.55 Ga), which allows at least two composite fabrics to be identified at the regional scale—c. 1.60 Ga S1 (consisting in fabrics S1a and S1b) and c. 1.55 Ga S2 (including fabrics S2a and S2b). Also, three tectono-metamorphic domains are distinguished: (a) the western domain, with S1 defined by low-P (LP) greenschist facies assemblages; (b) the central domain, where S1 fabric is preserved as medium-P (MP) amphibolite facies relicts, and locally as inclusion trails in garnet wrapped by the regionally dominant low-P amphibolite facies S2 fabric; and (c) the eastern domain dominated by upper amphibolite to granulite facies S2 foliation. In the central domain, 1.60 Ga MP–medium-T (MT) metamorphism (M1) developed within the staurolite–garnet stability field, with conditions ranging from 530–550°C at 6–7 kbar (garnet cores) to 620–650°C at 8–9 kbar (garnet rims), and it is associated with S1 fabric. The onset of 1.55 Ga LP–high-T (HT) metamorphism (M2) is marked by replacement of staurolite by andalusite (M2a/D2a), which was subsequently pseudomorphed by sillimanite (M2b/D2b) where granite and migmatite are abundant. P–T conditions ranged from 600 to 680°C and 4–6 kbar for the M2b sillimanite stage. 1.60 Ga garnet relicts within the S2 foliation highlight the progressive obliteration of the S1 fabric by regional S2 in the central zone during peak M2 metamorphism. In the eastern migmatitic complex, partial melting of paragneiss and amphibolite occurred syn- to post- S2, at 730–770°C and 6–8 kbar, and at 750–790°C and 6 kbar, respectively. The pressure–temperature–deformation–time paths reconstructed for the Georgetown Inlier suggest a c. 1.60 Ga M1/D1 event recorded under greenschist facies conditions in the western domain and under medium-P and medium-T conditions in the central domain. This event was followed by the regional 1.56–1.54 Ga low-P and high-T phase (M2/D2), extensively recorded in the central and eastern domains. Decompression between these two metamorphic events is ascribed to an episode of exhumation. The two-stage evolution supports the previous hypothesis that the Georgetown Inlier preserves continental collisional and subsequent thermal perturbation associated with granite emplacement.  相似文献   

Socio‐hydrology: A new science of people and water     

Murugesu Sivapalan  Hubert H. G. Savenije  Günter Blöschl 《水文研究》2012,26(8):1270-1276

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Climate change impacts—throwing the dice?     

Günter Blöschl  Alberto Montanari 《水文研究》2010,24(3):374-381

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Das erdmagnetische Feld im Jahr 1994 nach Messungen des Erdmagnetischen Observatoriums Wingst     

Günter Schulz 《Ocean Dynamics》1995,47(2):163-166

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Geochemische Untersuchungen an einem Vorkommen von Fasersteinsalz     

Dr. Albert Günter Herrmann 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1964,10(3):374-378

Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel des Fasersteinsalzes wird untersucht, ob die Verteilung des im NaCl eingebauten Broms Rückschlüsse auf den Wachstumsvorgang und die Herkunft der für das Wachstum benötigten Lösungen zuläßt. NachSchmidt undMügge erfolgt das Wachstum der Fasern an ihrer Basis. Wenn dieser Vorgang stimmt, sollte der Br-Gehalt in den älteren Teilen des Fasersteinsalzes (in der Mitte der Kluft gelegen) niedriger sein als in den zuletzt gebildeten Partien der Kluftfüllung (an der Kluftwand gelegen). Tatsächlich konnte an dem natürlichen Fasersteinsalz festgestellt werden, daß der Br-Gehalt im Steinsalz von der Mitte der Kluft zum Rand zunimmt. Auch die Lösungszufuhr kann nach diesem Befund nur in Form von Porenlösungen aus dem Nebengestein erfolgt sein. Aus dem Br-Gehalt des Fasersteinsalzes wurde die Br-Konzentration in den Porenlösungen mit 3,5 · 10^–1 Gew.- % berechnet.

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Summary The distribution of bromine replacing chlorine in fibrous halite of the potash salt mine Marie Louise (Elsaß, France) was determined in order to examine the crystallisation process of this halite. The contents of bromine increase in the cleavage filling of the fibrous halite from the central part to the contact with the marl. The cause of this distribution is the growth of the fibre perpendicular to its base during the opening of the cleavage. The fibrous halite crystallizes from pore solutions originating in the marl rock. The calculation showed that the bromine content in the solution was about 0.35 wt.- %.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c.C. W. Correns zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.  相似文献   

Mineralogisch-petrographische Untersuchungen an den Sedimenten (Schichtflutfanglomeraten) des Oberrotlieegenden von Schramberg     

Günter Stromburg 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1964,11(1):20-48

Zusammenfassung Die Sedimente des Oberrotliegenden von Schramberg bestehen aus Gesteinsbruchstücken und Quarz-, Feldspat- und Glimmerkörnern. Außer bei den selten vorkommenden Sandlagen überwiegen die Gesteinsbruchstücke.Die im Sediment auftretenden Gesteinsarten (Granit, Gneis, Quarzporphyr, Granitporphyr) stimmen mit den heute in der Nähe anstehenden Gesteinsarten des Grundgebirges überein, weshalb die nähere Umgebung als Ursprungsgebiet angesehen werden muß. Die größte Entfernung (ca. 10 km) hat vermutlich der Gneis zurückgelegt. Im Grundgebirge der Schramberger Gegend scheinen während des Oberrotliegenden keine anderen Gesteisarten mehr angestanden zu haben, als heute dort anstehen.Die prozentuale Verteilung und die Kornverteilungen der Minerale in den Gesteinsbruchstücken der Hauptgesteinsart (Granit) und bei den Einzelmineralkörnern stimmen überein. Hieraus ergibt sich, daß Einzelmineralkörner und Gesteinsbruchstücke dem selben Ursprungsort entstammen. Das einzige beobachtete Tonmineral ist aus den Ursprungsgesteinen stammender Muscovit.Hämatit überkrustet fast alle Körner des Sediments. Er kann aus eisenhaltigen Mineralien, und zwar nur bei tief liegendem Grundwasserspiegel und einer mittleren Jahrestemperatur von mehr als 15° C gebildet worden sein.Die frei vorhandenen Schweremineralien stammen aus den gleichen Ursprungsgesteinen wie die anderen Bestandteile des Sediments. Granat ist nur in den Gesteinsbruchstücken, nicht jedoch in Form von freien Körnern erhalten geblieben. Rutil wurde sowohl in Form freier Körner als auch in den Gesteinsbruchstücken überwiegend in Anatas umgewandelt.Die Beobachtungen der Gesteinsschichtung lassen auf Wassertransport in Form von Schichtfluten mit rascher Abnahme von Turbulenz und Geschwindigkeit mit anschließendem vollständigem Versickern schließen.Die Untersuchung von Kugeligkeit und Rundung der Körner ergab zwei Maxima, und zwar bei 0,2–0,6 mm und > 4 mm Korndurchmesser. Das feinkörnige Maximum wird als Folge von Windtransport (wobei nicht Transport in das endgültige Lager gemeint ist), das grobkörnige durch Wassertransport gedeutet. Die Tatsache der Zurundung der Kornklassen > 4 mm schließt Transport in Form von Schlammströmen aus. Ein Vergleich der gemessenen Rundung mit der Rundung eines rezenten Sedimentes ergibt übereinstimmend mit den Ergebnissen der lithologischen Untersuchung einen Transportweg der Größenordnung 10 km.Mit Ausnahme der Sandlagen zeigen die Sedimente bimodale Kornverteilung, die folgendermaßen gedeutet wird: Das Ursprungsgestein (hauptsächlich Granit) unterlag physikalischer Verwitterung. Zusätzlich wurden durch Windeinwirkung kleinere Gesteinsbruchstücke zerstört, sodaß im entsprechenden Korngrößenbereich ein Defizit, und im Korngrößenbereich der Einzelmineralkörner ein Mazimum entstand, da durch Wind an Einzelmineralkörnern keine Zerstörung, sondern nur Abrundung stattfinden kann. Abtransport duch Wasser und vollständige, plötzliche Ablagerung bedingen die Begrenzung der Kornverteilungshistogramme auf der grobkörnigen Seite. Die Transportfähigkeit des Wassers wid demnach durch diese Begrenzung ausgedrückt.Ws wird die zusammenfassende genetische Bezeichnung Schichtflutfanglomerate vorgeschlagen.Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen bestätigen die bisherige Ansicht über die Entstehung der Sedimente des Oberrotliegenden im Schwarzwald.  相似文献   

Origin of mineral chemical stratification in the mantle section of the Table Mountain massif (Bay of Islands Ophiolite, Newfoundland, Canada)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Gü  nter Suhr  Paul T. Robinson 《Lithos》1994,31(3-4):81-102

Mineral chemical data have been collected from the 6 km thick mantle section of the Table Mountain massif (Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex, Newfoundland). The samples chosen represent the geochemical background, i.e. exclude samples from the vicinity of bands, dykes and pods of dunites and pyroxenites within the host harzburgites and (rare) lherzolites. Three large mineral-chemical domains can be distinguished as a function of depth below the crustal gabbros. The intermediate mantle section (2–5 km beneath the gabbros) has a very depleted geochemical pattern with Cr# [100Cr/(Cr + Al)] in spinel > 44, low Ti. The basal kilometer of the mantle section shows a steep geochemical gradient towards less depleted mineral chemistries (Cr# as low as 10). Both the intermediate and basal mantle rocks fit into a progressive partial melting trend. The top of the mantle section (0–2 km below the gabbros) shows Cr# between 30 and 44, but also higher Ti and ferric iron in spinel, and Na in clinopyroxene. Microstructural evidence for melt-related clinopyroxene is locally preserved and, in one area, plagioclase lherzolites occur. The topmost mantle section is considered to have been affected by melt infiltration. The geochemical variation is larger than elsewhere, suggesting that melt-infiltration, or at least the process of trapping of melt, was heterogeneous. In most melt-infiltrated harzburgites, plagioclase is absent. Other peridotites show good microstructural evidence for melt-infiltration but little chemical evidence to substantiate it. Both features are discussed and can be explained by a variety of processes demonstrating the complexity of melt-infiltration.  相似文献   

Distribution of uranium in intrusive bodies due to combined migration and diffusion     

Günter Buntebarth 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1976,32(1):84-90

Uranium is enriched in the border zones of magmatic bodies and the enrichment is believed to be caused by the migration of hydrous solutions which carry that element along intergranular paths towards the contact zone with the wall rock. We propose that the contact zone is a geochemical barrier at which the uranium, present in the solution, would be deposited if it were not for diffusion away from the increased concentration at the margins.The two particle flows, the one caused by migration and the other caused by diffusion, can be described by a differential equation, whose solution is the concentration of uranium as a function of time, diffusion coefficient and velocity of migration.The distribution of uranium in two intrusive bodies, the Mont Blanc granite (Swiss Alps) and a pluton in the Dshetui-Oguz massif (U.S.S.R.), gives the following parameters: duration of process 0.3–1 m.y., diffusion coefficient 4 × 10^?4 to 5 × 10^?4 cm²/s, and velocity of migration 0.1–0.3 cm/year.The combined process of migration and diffusion is assumed to be an important mechanism for controlling the distribution of uranium throughout the earth's crust and for its change in geological time.  相似文献