冀西北坝上地区不同植被类型的生态需水量     

许中旗  张乃暄  王冉  杨鑫  孙守家  闫腾飞 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2022,13(1):113-119

为了了解冀西北坝上地区不同植被的生态需水量,为该地区的植被建设提供科学依据,采用实际观测数据及Irmak-Allen公式对张北坝上地区乔木林、灌丛和草地的生态需水量、生态缺水量进行了研究。研究结果表明,冀西北坝上地区3种植被生长季的实际蒸散量由高到低为乔木林、灌丛和草地,分别为401.81 mm、358.78 mm和346.02 mm。生长季乔木林、灌丛和草地的最小生态需水量分别为243.96mm、218.35mm和211.36mm,适宜生态需水量分别为472.99mm、423.34mm和409.77 mm,适宜生态缺水量分别为198.56 mm、148.91 mm和135.34 mm。植被生态缺水量具有明显的季节性,5、6月份缺水量最大,7-10月份较低,甚至还有盈余,5、6月份进行人为补水将有助于缓解植被的干旱胁迫。冀西北坝上地区的降雨量能够满足乔木林最小生态需水量的要求,但与适宜生态需水量差距较大,不足以使乔木林维持良好的生长状态,这是导致坝上地区杨树防护林退化的主要原因。  相似文献   

Classical Be stars     

Thomas?RiviniusEmail author  Alex?C.?Carciofi  Christophe?Martayan 《Astronomy and Astrophysics Review》2013,21(1):69

In the past decade, a consensus has emerged regarding the nature of classical Be stars: They are very rapidly rotating main sequence B stars, which, through a still unknown, but increasingly constrained process, form an outwardly diffusing gaseous, dust-free Keplerian disk. In this work, first the definition of Be stars is contrasted to similar classes, and common observables obtained for Be stars are introduced and the respective formation mechanisms explained. We then review the current state of knowledge concerning the central stars as non-radially pulsating objects and non-magnetic stars, as far as it concerns large-scale, i.e., mostly dipolar, global fields. Localized, weak magnetic fields remain possible, but are as of yet unproven. The Be-phenomenon, linked with one or more mass-ejection processes, acts on top of a rotation rate of about 75 % of critical or above. The properties of the process can be well constrained, leaving only few options, most importantly, but not exclusively, non-radial pulsation and small-scale magnetic fields. Of these, it is well possible that all are realized: In different stars, different processes may be acting. Once the material has been lifted into Keplerian orbit, memory of the details of the ejection process is lost, and the material is governed by viscosity. The disks are fairly well understood in the theoretical framework of the viscous decretion disk model. This is not only true for the disk structure, but as well for its variability, both cyclic and secular. Be binaries are reviewed under the aspect of the various types of interactions a companion can have with the circumstellar disk. Finally, extragalactic Be stars, at lower metallicities, seem more common and more rapidly rotating.  相似文献   

A network flow model for the genesis and migration of gas phase     

Koukung Alex Chang  W. Brent Lindquist 《Computational Geosciences》2013,17(1):67-81

We present a network flow model to compute transport, through a pore network, of a compositional fluid consisting of water with a dissolved hydrocarbon gas. The model captures single-phase flow (below local bubble point conditions) as well as the genesis and migration of the gas phase when bubble point conditions are achieved locally. Constant temperature computational tests were run on simulated 2D and 3D micro-networks near bubble point pressure conditions. In the 2D simulations which employed a homogeneous network, negligible capillary pressure, and linear relative permeability relations, the observed concentration of CO₂ dissolved in the liquid phase throughout the medium was linearly related to the liquid pressure. In the case of no gravity, the saturation of the gas phase throughout the medium was also linearly related to the liquid pressure; under gravity, the relationship became nonlinear in regions where buoyancy forces were significant. The 3D heterogeneous network model had nonnegligible capillary pressure and nonlinear relative permeability functions. While 100 % of the CO₂ entered the 3D network dissolved in the liquid phase, 25 % of the void space was occupied by gas phase and 47 % of the CO₂ exiting the outlet face did so via the gaseous phase after 500 s of simulation time.  相似文献   

Optimal extraction of cosmological information from supernova data in the presence of calibration uncertainties     

Alex G. Kim  Ramon Miquel   《Astroparticle Physics》2006,24(6):451-458

We present a new technique to extract the cosmological information from high-redshift supernova data in the presence of calibration errors and extinction due to dust. While in the traditional technique the distance modulus of each supernova is determined separately, in our approach we determine all distance moduli at once, in a process that achieves a significant degree of self-calibration. The result is a much reduced sensitivity of the cosmological parameters to the calibration uncertainties. As an example, for a strawman mission similar to that outlined in the SNAP satellite proposal, the increased precision obtained with the new approach is roughly equivalent to a factor of five decrease in the calibration uncertainty.  相似文献   

Effects of systematic uncertainties on the supernova determination of cosmological parameters     

Alex G. Kim  Eric V. Linder  Ramon Miquel  Nick Mostek 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,347(3):909-920

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松辽盆地现今地温场分布特征及主控因素     

刘雨晨  柳波  朱焕来  林铁锋  霍秋立  邢济麟  杜先利  付健  闫斌  毕然  李思其 《地质学报》2023,97(8):2715-2727

松辽盆地不仅是世界上已发现油气资源最为丰富的陆相沉积盆地之一,同时也存在十分丰富的中低温地热资源,是当前油气勘探和地热勘探的主力区块。本文结合近10年来新增的一大批测温数据,借助571口钻井地层测温资料和150余个岩石热物性参数,重新剖析了松辽盆地现今地温场分布特征及其主控因素。研究表明,松辽盆地地温梯度在19～55 ℃/km之间,平均为41. 4 ℃/km,现今大地热流分布在38. 9～111. 2 mW/m 2之间,平均为78. 9 mW/m2。相比其他盆地而言,松辽盆地具有高温“热盆”的特点。平面上,盆地中央坳陷区地温梯度和大地热流均较高。嫩江组底界面温度约为15～88℃,平均为48. 6℃;姚家组底界面的温度为18～95℃,平均值为53℃;青山口组底界面的温度为25～128℃,平均值为64℃;泉四段底界面的温度为26～131℃,平均值为67℃。松辽盆地现今温度分布主要受到成盆演化动力学背景、岩石热物性特征、岩浆作用等多种因素的影响。松辽盆地经历了强烈的区域伸展作用和岩石圈减薄,并发育丰富的基底断裂和地壳断裂,造成深部地幔热物质沿着基底断裂运移至浅部,因此地表热流偏高。  相似文献   

时空数据地图表达的基本问题与研究进展     

李志林  刘万增  徐柱  遆鹏  高培超  闫超德  林艳  李然  陆辰妮 《测绘学报》2021,50(8):1033-1048

海量时空大数据推动着地图制图的发展,同时也对时空大数据的地图表达提出了前所未有的挑战.本文通过分析时空数据的特性及其对地图表达的新需求,将时空数据地图表达面临的突出问题概括为基础理论数学化、地图设计定量化、地图表达自适化、质量预测模型化和制图应用泛在化.然后将这些问题归纳成3组,即地图制图基础理论、地图设计与可视化方法、泛在地图服务,并对相关研究进展进行综述与分析,并给出一些展望.  相似文献   

Dryland expansion in northern China from 1948 to 2008   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

LI Yue  HUANG Jianping  JI Mingxia  RAN Jinjiang 《大气科学进展》2015,32(6):870-876

This study examines the expansion of drylands and regional climate change in northern China by analyzing the variations in aridity index(AI), surface air temperature(SAT), precipitation and potential evapotranspiration(PET) from 1948 to 2008.It is found that the drylands of northern China have expanded remarkably in the last 61 years. The area of drylands of the last 15 years(1994–2008) is 0.65 × 106km2(12%) larger than that in the period 1948–62. The boundary of drylands has extended eastward over Northeast China by about 2° of longitude and by about 1° of latitude to the south along the middleto-lower reaches of the Yellow River. A zonal band of expansion of semi-arid regions has occurred, stretching from western Heilongjiang Province to southern Gansu Province, while shifts to the east of semi-arid regions in dry subhumid regions have also occurred. Results show that the aridity trend of drylands in northern China is highly correlated with the long-term trend of precipitation and PET, and the expansion of semi-arid regions plays a dominant role in the areal extent of drylands, which is nearly 10 times larger than that in arid and subhumid regions.  相似文献   

galics– V: Low- and high-order clustering in mock Sloan Digital Sky Surveys     

Jérémy Blaizot  István Szapudi  Stéphane Colombi  Tamás Budavàri  François R. Bouchet  Julien E. G. Devriendt  Bruno Guiderdoni  Jun Pan  Alex Szalay 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,369(3):1009-1020

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Complex brecciation and shock effects in the Buck Mountain Wash (H3–5) chondrite     

Melinda HUTSON  Alex RUZICKA  Richard PUGH  Larry SLOAN  Edwin THOMPSON 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2007,42(6):963-978

Abstract Buck Mountain Wash (BMW) is a new genomict breccia (H3‐5) found in the Franconia (H5) strewn field in Arizona that shows complex brecciation and shock effects. It contains three distinct chondritic lithologies in sharp contact: a) a main lithology that consists primarily of petrographic type 5 material but which has finely intermixed type 3 and 4 material, b) a shock‐blackened (shock stage S5) type 3 lithology (lithology A), and c) a shock‐blackened type 3/4 lithology (lithology B). Buck Mountain Wash was lithified after impact‐mixing and impact‐melting of weakly and strongly metamorphosed materials, possibly at depth in the regolith of the parent body. Shock effects included brecciation on a fine scale, localized impact‐melting of silicates, partial melting, and mobilization of metal‐sulfide, and chemical fractionations that produced non‐H‐group composition kamacite by two disequilibrium mechanisms. Shock heating did not cause significant thermal metamorphism in the shock‐blackened lithologies of BMW, except possibly in areas adjacent to whole‐rock shock melt. During lithification, cooling must have been rapid at high temperatures to preserve glass and inhomogeneous silicate compositions, but not so fast at lower temperatures as to produce dendritic metal‐sulfide globules or martensite.  相似文献