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41.
Benoît Thibodeau Moritz F. Lehmann Jacqueline Kowarzyk Alfonso Mucci Yves Gélinas Denis Gilbert Roxane Maranger Mohammad Alkhatib 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010
Water column concentrations and benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and oxygen (DO) were measured in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Upper and Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (USLE and LSLE, respectively) to assess the nitrogen (N) budget in the St. Lawrence (SL) system, as well as to elucidate the impact of bottom water hypoxia on fixed-N removal in the LSLE. A severe nitrate deficit, with respect to ambient phosphate concentrations (N*∼−10 μmol L−1), was observed within and in the vicinity of the hypoxic bottom water of the LSLE. Given that DO concentrations in the water column have remained above 50 μmol L−1, nitrate reduction in suboxic sediments, rather than in the water column, is most likely responsible for the removal of fixed N from the SL system. Net nitrate fluxes into the sediments, derived from pore water nitrate concentration gradients, ranged from 190 μmol m−2 d−1 in the hypoxic western LSLE to 100 μmol m−2 d−1 in the Gulf. The average total benthic nitrate reduction rate for the Laurentian Channel (LC) is on the order of 690 μmol m−2 d−1, with coupled nitrification-nitrate reduction accounting for more than 70%. Using average nitrate reduction rates derived from the observed water column nitrate deficit, the annual fixed-N elimination within the three main channels of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and LSLE was estimated at 411 × 106 t N, yielding an almost balanced N budget for the SL marine system. 相似文献
42.
Alfonso Herrera-Bachiller Pedro García-Corrales Carmen Roldán & Juan Junoy 《Marine Ecology》2008,29(S1):43-50
Nemerteans have been recorded in several studies of the sandy beaches, but usually these specimens have been only regarded as members of the Phylum, with no attempt at identification at any taxonomic level. This lack of identification is partly because of the sampling procedures used to collect beach macroinfauna. Nemerteans are fragile and need special care. They must be isolated and observed in vivo before using histological procedures, which must be employed for the taxonomical studies. This study deals with a sandy beach hoplonemertean, Psammamphiporus elongatus ( Stephenson 1911 ), only known for seven specimens from the Firth of Clyde (UK). This species is recorded for the first time from the Galician sandy beaches (NW Spain) where it reaches its maximum abundance. The species is described and illustrated and new data on its morphology and ecology are provided. The species was apparently affected by the 'Prestige' oil spill, and would be a good indicator of beach quality. 相似文献
43.
Esther Molina-Montes Alfonso Hernández-laguna 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(16):3929-3938
Atomic models involving the dehydroxylation process of dioctahedral phyllosilicates without interlayer charge were used to calculate energies and explore the reaction paths of the possible mechanisms of this reaction at a quantum mechanical level. The geometrical features and electronic structure of a molecular cluster model of two edge-sharing octahedrally coordinated cations coupled to a ring of six silicate tetrahedra was evaluated by ab initio molecular orbital calculations with Hartree-Fock approximation. Two dehydroxylation mechanisms are considered. One mechanism involves two contiguous hydroxyl that are on an octahedron shared edge that joins a pair of octahedral cations. The other model considered involves OH loss from across an octahedral vacant. The substitution effect of Al3+ by Fe3+ in the octahedral sheet on the activation energy and structural transformations is compared by minimization of the critical points of the Potential Energy Surface (PES) for the reactant, transition state and product along the reaction path of the dehydroxylation process. The calculated energy differences and vibration frequencies are according to previous experimental results. The dehydroxylation mechanism involving OH across the octahedral hole, is less energetically favorable and is endothermic. 相似文献
44.
In this study we report similar biotic response patterns in planktic foraminiferal assemblages, whether in association with volcanism, impacts or climate change at the end of the Cretaceous and early Tertiary. During and after each type of catastrophe two groups dominate high stress assemblages: (1) the small Guembelitria species, which are interpreted as having thrived in eutrophic surface waters where other species rarely survived; and (2) the low oxygen tolerant small Heterohelix species, which thrived at times of an expanding oxygen minimum zone associated with high nutrients and a stratified water column. The ecosystem collapse appears to be primarily the result of high macro- and micronutrient influx (from impacts, volcanism and erosion) leading to eutrophication and phytoplankton blooms (i.e., primary producers) that result in toxic conditions for foraminifera. Once nutrients decrease due to consumption by phytoplankton, the first opportunistic foraminifera, the Guembelitria, appear and graze on phytoplankton, rapidly reproduce (heterochronic acceleration) and increase populations exponentially. With nutrient depletion Guembelitria populations rapidly decrease leading to ecologic niches for other generalists and ecosystem recovery. Small low O2 tolerant heterohelicid populations mark this second stage, followed by small trochospiral and planispiral species. With further environmental recovery, increasing competition, niche development, and restoration of a well-stratified watermass, oligotrophic conditions are restored opening habitats for large, highly specialized species and a return to normal diverse assemblages. Such highly stressed ecological successions are observed in association with mantle plume volcanism in the Indian Ocean, Andean volcanism in Argentina and shallow inland seas in Egypt and Madagascar during the late Maastrichtian, the K-T impact, volcanism during the early Danian, and intense upwelling and climate extremes. We present a simple model to explain the ecological succession and recovery phases that follow major biotic perturbations. 相似文献
45.
Xiomara Cazañas Pura Alfonso Joan Carles Melgarejo Joaquín Antonio Proenza Anthony Edward Fallick 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(7):805-824
The El Cobre deposit is located in eastern Cuba within the volcanosedimentary sequence of the Sierra Maestra Paleogene arc.
The deposit is hosted by tholeiitic basalts, andesites and tuffs and comprises thick stratiform barite and anhydrite bodies,
three stratabound disseminated up to massive sulphide bodies produced by silicification and sulphidation of limestones or
sulphates, an anhydrite stockwork and a siliceous stockwork, grading downwards to quartz veins. Sulphides are mainly pyrite,
chalcopyrite and sphalerite; gold occurs in the stratabound ores. Fluid inclusions measured in sphalerite, quartz, anhydrite
and calcite show salinities between 2.3 and 5.7 wt% NaCl eq. and homogenisation temperatures between 177 and 300°C. Sulphides
from the stratabound mineralisation display δ
34S values of 0‰ to +6.0‰, whilst those from the feeder zone lie between −1.4‰ and +7.3‰. Sulphides show an intra-grain sulphur
isotope zonation of about 2‰; usually, δ
34S values increase towards the rims. Sulphate sulphur has δ
34S in the range of +17‰ to +21‰, except two samples with values of +5.9‰ and +7.7‰. Sulphur isotope data indicate that the
thermochemical reduction of sulphate from a hydrothermal fluid of seawater origin was the main source of sulphide sulphur
and that most of the sulphates precipitated by heating of seawater. The structure of the deposit, mineralogy, fluid inclusion
and isotope data suggest that the deposit formed from seawater-derived fluids with probably minor supply of magmatic fluids. 相似文献
46.
Tourmaline-rich rocks associated with clastic metasedimentary rocks of Carboniferous age occur in the Cinco Villas massif,
western Pyrenees. Three types of tourmaline-rich rocks were distinguished: (1) Fine-grained stratiform tourmaline-rich rocks,
which are associated with carbonaceous metapelites (TR1); (2) stratabound tourmaline-rich rocks, associated with metapelites
in the contact aureole of the Aya granitoid pluton (TR2); (3) stratabound to massive tourmaline-rich rocks, associated with
psammopelites in contact with granites and pegmatites (TR3). Tourmalines belong to the schorl–dravite solid solution series
and have a wide compositional range, from nearly end-member dravite for TR1 tourmalines to schorl for TR3 tourmalines; TR2
tourmalines have intermediate compositions. The Fe/(Fe+Mg) typically varies between 0.02 and ≈0.55, increasing from TR1 to
TR3. The TR1 tourmalines commonly display a discontinuous chemical zoning with Fe-rich green cores (8–8.5% FeO) and Mg-rich
colorless rims (10–11% MgO). In contrast, crystals that exhibit fine growth lamellae appear to lack significant chemical zoning.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions also reveal major differences between TR1 and TR3 tourmalines, the former displaying
heavier δ18O values (17.7–19‰) and δD values (−35 to −42‰) than TR3 tourmalines 11 to 13‰ and −47 to −76‰, respectively. The TR2 tourmalines
show intermediate values of 11.3 to 14.6‰ for δ18O and −40 to −55‰ for δD. Linear and continuous chemical variations obtained for major and trace elements of the whole rocks
reflect mixing between clay-rich and quartz-rich end-members, indicative that some tourmaline-rich rocks contain a significant
detrital component. Chondrite normalized REE (rare earth element) patterns of tourmaline-rich rocks are similar to those of
surrounding unaltered clastic metasediments, except for some TR1 rocks which are characterized by low contents of ΣREE. Mass-balance
calculations show that tourmaline-forming processes plus metamorphism led to mass and volume changes at mesoscopic scales
(≈10% for the TR1 tourmalinites). Silicon, Fe, Mn, and REE elements were partially lost from sedimentary rocks, whereas Mg
and particularly B were added to pelitic sediments. Available data, nevertheless, do not allow an assessment of the boron
source. Formation of the TR1 tourmaline-rich rocks probably was the net result of several processes, including direct precipitation
from B-rich hydrothermal fluids or colloids, early diagenetic reactions of carbonaceous pelitic sediments with these fluids,
and subsequent recrystallization during regional metamorphism. The TR2 tourmaline-rich rocks mainly developed by metamorphic
recrystallization of TR1. Tourmaline-rich rocks and veins adjacent to pegmatites and granitic rocks (TR3) are the result of
boron metasomatism; the primary boron having been recycled from stratiform tourmalinites during regional metamorphism and
magmatism.
Received: 18 November 1996 / Accepted: 25 April 1997 相似文献
47.
Alfonso Aguilar-Perera Michelle Schrer Manuel Valds-Pizzini 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(12):961-975
In Puerto Rico, the environmental legislation for establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) is complex due to its current political position with the United States (US) as not only local but also federal US laws affect designations. Historically, during the Spanish rule, mangrove forests were protected for extractive reasons (i.e., charcoal) and the first protected area was established by 1918 as an Insular Forest. Currently, of the 37 MPAs recognized and investigated in this work, the vast majority (73%) are Natural Reserves, followed by Commonwealth Forests (13.5%). Most MPAs in Puerto Rico were implemented using a top-down approach (i.e., government) which follows US federal guidelines for protecting endangered species, critical habitats, and natural and cultural resources. The development of management plans for MPAs on the island is increasingly adopting a public participatory process. However, this latter process is new for the government of Puerto Rico that has not incorporated a policy based on an Integrated Coastal Management. 相似文献
48.
M. Viel E. Branchini K. Dolag M. Grossi S. Matarrese L. Moscardini 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,393(3):774-782
We present results from the first high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations of non-Gaussian cosmological models. We focus on the statistical properties of the transmitted Lyman-α flux in the high-redshift intergalactic medium. Imprints of non-Gaussianity are present and are larger at high redshifts. Differences larger than 20 per cent at z > 3 in the flux probability distribution function for high-transmissivity regions (voids) are expected for values of the non-linearity parameter f NL =±100 when compared to a standard Λ cold dark matter cosmology with f NL = 0 . We also investigate the one-dimensional flux bispectrum: at the largest scales (corresponding to tens of Mpc), we expect deviations in the flux bispectrum up to 20 per cent at z ∼ 4 (for f NL =±100 ), significantly larger than deviations of ∼3 per cent in the flux power spectrum. We briefly discuss possible systematic errors that can contaminate the signal. Although challenging, a detection of non-Gaussianities in the interesting regime of scales and redshifts probed by the Lyman-α forest could be possible with future data sets. 相似文献
49.
Loreto Antón Alfonso Muñoz-Martin Gerardo De Vicente 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2010,2(2):152-164
The study of intraplate tectonics is crucial for understanding the deformation within plates, far from active plate boundaries and associated stress transmission to the plate interiors. This paper examines the tectonic evolution of the Variscan basement at the western margin of the Cenozoic Duero basin. Located east of the Vilariça Fault System in NW Iberia, this intraplate zone is a relatively flat but elevated area with an intense NNE-SSW trending fault system and associated moderate seismicity. Although the area has played an important role in the Duero basin configuration, its Alpine to present-day tectonic evolution has not been well constrained. In order to characterize the successive paleostress fields, 1428 pairs of fault-striae were measured at 56 sites and two focal mechanisms were used. Stress inversion methods have been applied to analyze paleostress regimes. Results show the existence of three dominant maximum horizontal stress (Shmax) trends: N-S, NE-SW and E-W. Relative and absolute dating of the activated faults for each Shmax shows that the clearly predominant N-S paleostress field in the zone has been active since the Oligocene up to the present day; while a NE-SW stress field is found to have been active during the Cretaceous and an older E-W paleostress field was active in the earlier Alpine cycle (Late Triassic). 相似文献
50.
The application of a powerful evolutionary optimization technique for the estimation of intrinsic formation constants describing
geologically relevant adsorption reactions at mineral surfaces is introduced. We illustrate the optimization power of a simple
Genetic Algorithm (GA) for forward (aqueous chemical speciation calculations) and inverse (calibration of Surface Complexation
Models, SCMs) modeling problems of varying degrees of complexity, including problems where conventional deterministic derivative-based
root-finding techniques such as Newton–Raphson, implemented in popular programs such as FITEQL, fail to converge or yield
poor data fits upon convergence.
Subject to sound a priori physical–chemical constraints, adequate solution encoding schemes, and simple GA operators, the
GA conducts an exhaustive probabilistic search in a broad solution space and finds a suitable solution regardless of the input
values and without requiring sophisticated GA implementations (e.g., advanced GA operators, parallel genetic programming).
The drawback of the GA approach is the large number of iterations that must be performed to obtain a satisfactory solution.
Nevertheless, for computationally demanding problems, the efficiency of the optimization can be greatly improved by combining
heuristic GA optimization with the Newton–Raphson approach to exploit the power of deterministic techniques after the evolutionary-driven
set of potential solutions has reached a suitable level of numerical viability. Despite the computational requirements of
the GA, its robustness, flexibility, and simplicity make it a very powerful, alternative tool for the calibration of SCMs,
a critical step in the generation of a reliable thermodynamic database describing adsorption equilibria. The latter is fundamental
to the forward modeling of the adsorption behavior of minerals and geologically based adsorbents in hydro-geological settings
(e.g., aquifers, pore waters, water basins) and/or in engineered reactors (e.g., mining, hazardous waste disposal industries). 相似文献