Why Hydraulic Tomography Works?     

Tian‐Chyi J. Yeh  Deqiang Mao  Yuanyuan Zha  Kuo‐Chin Hsu  Cheng‐Haw Lee  Jet‐Chau Wen  Wenxi Lu  Jinzhong Yang 《Ground water》2014,52(2):168-172

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Geochemical evolution during the cracking of crude oil into gas under different pressure systems     

ZhongHong Chen  ShouChun Zhang  Ming Zha 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(3):480-490

Two comparative simulation experiments(a normal atmospheric-pressure opening system and a 20 MPa closed system)were conducted to study the geochemical evolution of n-alkane,sterane,and terpane biomarkers in the process of oil cracking into gas under different pressures.With an initial experimental temperature set at 300°C,the temperature was increased to 650°C at a heating rate of 30°C/h.The products were tested every 50°C starting at 300°C,and a pressure of 20 MPa was achieved using a water column.The low-maturity crude oil sample was from the Paleogene system in the Dongying sag in eastern China.The threshold temperature obtained for the primary oil cracking process in both pressure systems was 450°C.Before the oil was cracked into gas,some components,including macromolecular n-alkanes,were cracked into medium-or small-sized n-alkanes.The secondary oil cracking of heavy hydrocarbon gases of C2–5to methane mainly occurred between 550°C to 650°C,and the parameters Ln(C1/C2)and Ln(C1/C3),as well as the dry coefficients,increased.Overpressure inhibited the oil cracking process.In the 20 MPa system,the oil conversion rate decreased,the temperature threshold for gas generation rose,and oil cracking was inhibited.Compared with the normal pressure system,high-carbon n-alkanes and other compounds in the 20 MPa pressure system were reserved.Furthermore,the parameters∑C21-/∑22+,Ln(C1/C2),and Ln(C1/C3),as well as the dry coefficients,decreased within the main temperature range.During secondary oil cracking(550°C to 600°C),the Ph/nC18and Pr/nC17decreased.High pressure influenced the evolution of the biomarkers Ts and Tm,C31homohopane,C29sterane,and their related maturity parameters to different extents during oil cracking under different temperature ranges.  相似文献   

汉江上游郧县段黄土古土壤序列风化成壤特征以及成壤环境演变     

卢越  查小春  黄春长  庞奖励  刘建芳  张玉柱 《中国沙漠》2014,34(4):992-997

对汉江上游进行野外实地详细调查,在湖北省郧县尚家河台地前沿发现了典型的全新世黄土-古土壤沉积剖面,通过粒度、磁化率、吸湿水和烧失量分析表明,黏粒、细粉砂、磁化率、吸湿水和烧失量在古土壤层S₀出现高值,在L₁、L_t、L₀为低值;而粗粉砂、细砂粒和粗砂粒在S₀为低值,在L₁、L_t、L₀为高值。这些指标的变化说明了全新世以来的气候和成壤环境的变化特征,即在古土壤S₀形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用非常强烈;黄土堆积时期气候相对干旱,成壤作用较弱。  相似文献   

上地幔密度异常驱动小尺度对流及实验模型   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

傅容珊  王景贇  常筱华  黄建华  戴志阳  查显杰 《地震学报》2005,27(1):25-32

建立了由密度异常驱动上地幔小尺度对流的数学 物理模型, 发展了利用地震层析成像数据反演上地幔小尺度对流的基本理论和方法. 该模型建立在三维直角坐标系框架上, 假设地震层析成像所显示的地震波速度异常对应于上地幔物质密度异常, 而该密度异常反映了上地幔小尺度热对流系统的温度异常场. 模型首先将地震层析成像确定的地震波速度异常转换为密度异常, 并视其为对流的驱动力; 进而利用三维傅立叶变换, 在波数域内, 在给定的边界条件下, 求解控制流体行为的运动方程和连续性方程, 最后求得对流的流场. 为检验本研究提出的理论和方法的有效性, 本文使用了两个简单的实验模型: 热体和冷体模型; 俯冲断离( break off)板片模型, 计算了其驱动的地幔流场. 结果表明, 本文提供的理论和方法, 可以直接应用于与区域岩石层构造动力学相关的上地幔小尺度对流的研究.   相似文献   

南方红土磁性地层年代学研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

刘彩彩  邓成龙 《地学前缘》2011,18(4):158-170

南方红土是中国分布最广的第四纪土状堆积,蕴含丰富的古气候、古地理以及古人类演化的信息。然而,南方红土地区长期高温多雨的气候造成许多定年材料的缺乏,导致其年代学研究进展比较缓慢。磁性地层学方法是一种适合于中、新生代海陆相沉积物定年的快捷、有效的方法,近年来南方红土的磁性地层年代学研究取得了很好的结果。文中比较系统地总结了近年来南方红土磁性地层年代学研究方面的进展。这些研究显示南方红土中的载磁矿物包括赤铁矿、磁赤铁矿、磁铁矿和针铁矿,其中磁铁矿和赤铁矿是特征剩磁的主要载体。磁性地层结果表明南方红土记录了Matuyama负极性时晚期至Brunhes正极性时早-中期的沉积,其沉积起始年龄不晚于Jaramillo正极性亚时,即早于11 Ma。这些磁性地层学结果为揭示南方红土记录的环境变化和中国南方亚热带地区早期人类演化提供了年代学基础。  相似文献   

Coal price fluctuation mechanism in China based on system dynamics model     

Ding  Zhihua  Feng  Caicai  Liu  Zhenhua  Wang  Guangqiang  He  Lingyun  Liu  Manzhi 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(2):1151-1167

Natural Hazards - We analyze and identify the factors that influence coal price fluctuations and construct a system dynamics model of these factors. The simulation results show that the trend in...  相似文献   

The comprehensive evaluation of China＇s urbanization and effects on resources and environment   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8  

Mingxing Chen  Dadao Lu  Liangsong Zha 《地理学报(英文版)》2010,20(1):17-30

This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for the urbanization level in China in terms of four aspects of urbanization connotation: population, economy, society, and land. A comprehensive measurement is carried out for the Chinese urbanization between 1981 and 2006 based on the Entropy method. The results show that the comprehensive level of urbanization in China has a continuous increase with the major features of economic growth and a rapid evolution of the geographical landscape, followed by population urbanization and then social urbanization of health care standard; the distinguished evolutional characteristics can also be found in each of the subsystems. The integrated evolution of urbanization has a profound effect on the resources, energy and the environment, making the land resources and energy security situation under severe pressure. The environment pressure is also increased further.  相似文献   

松辽盆地松科1井上白垩统烃源岩有机碳含量与沉积速率的关系^*          下载免费PDF全文

查宇铭  吴欣松  余达 《古地理学报》2016,18(5):857-864

与海相盆地相比,陆相湖盆沉积物TOC和沉积速率关系的研究尚处于探索阶段,尤其是在沉积作用对TOC的控制机理研究方面还有待深入。首先运用旋回地层学方法,识别了松科1井南孔上白垩统天文周期,并利用滑动窗口频谱分析方法计算了各窗口的沉积速率及对应的TOC值。以姥鲛烷和植烷(Pr/Ph)比值作为氧化还原条件的指标,以介形虫壳体的δ¹³C作为古生产力大小的指标,对不同环境和不同古生产力条件下TOC和沉积速率的关系进行了探讨。研究表明: 在还原环境下,TOC主要取决于古生产力高低,而沉积速率的影响相对较小,当古生产力较高时,TOC值一般大于1%;反之,TOC值小于1%。但在氧化环境、低古生产力条件下,TOC随着沉积速率先增大后减小,其临界值为11,cm/ka。  相似文献   

Holocene palaeoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits along the lower Jinghe River valley,middle Yellow River basin,China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Chun Chang Huang  Jiangli Pang  Xiaochun Zha  Yali Zhou  Hongxia Su  Yuzhu Zhang  Hengsong Wang  Hongliang Gu 《第四纪科学杂志》2012,27(5):485-493

Palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWDs), are the natural record of overbank flooding and are often found within aeolian loess‐soil profiles along the river valleys of the middle Yellow River basin. These pedo‐stratigraphic sequences are studied using a multi‐disciplinarily approach to reconstruct Holocene hydro‐climatic variations. Our field investigations along the lower Jinghe River valley have identified palaeoflood SWDs at several sites along the riverbanks based on sedimentological criteria. Analytical results, including magnetic susceptibility, particle‐size distribution and concentrations of chemical elements, indicate that these well‐sorted palaeoflood SWD beds were deposited from the suspended sediment load in floodwaters. We identify two episodes of extraordinary palaeoflood events along the Jinghe River valley. These hydro‐climatic events were dated to 4200–4000 and 3200–2800 a BP, by using the optically stimulated luminescence method in combination with archaeological dating of retrieved anthropogenic remains, and with pedo‐stratigraphic correlations with the previously studied Holocene pedo‐stratigraphy in the Jinghe River drainage basin. The flooding events are therefore considered to be a regional expression of known climatic events in the northern hemisphere and demonstrate Holocene climate was far from stable. This study provides important data in understanding the interactions between regional hydro‐climatic systems and global change in semi‐arid and sub‐humid regions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

山东东营凹陷新近系地层水化学场特征及油气意义^*   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

陈中红  王书南  王黎  查明 《古地理学报》2012,14(5):685-694

为揭示中国东部新生代浅部地层水化学场响应及油气意义,在东营凹陷新近系试油资料统计分析的基础上,对东营凹陷新近系的水化学场特征进行了研究。结果表明,与古近系沙河街组三段与四段封闭性滞留型水化学场特征明显不同,新近系馆陶组和明化镇组总体以低矿化度的NaHCO₃型地层水为主体（矿化度小于5 g/L）;其水化学剖面宏观上具有一定的分带性,大致可以划分为3种水文环境：强开放性水文流畅带(0～0.7km)、弱开放性水文阻滞过渡带(0.7～1.1km)和相对封闭性水文迟缓带(＞1.1km);在不同的水化学作用带,水岩作用和地层水矿化度、离子和离子参数具有不同的响应;东营凹陷新近系Ca相对海水富集(Ca_excess)和Na相对海水亏损(Na_deficient)的定量关系Ca_excess≤0.2367Na_deficient-0.6261,显示出明显的钠亏损特征,钙富集量也远低于世界盆地流体线(Basin Fluid Line,BFL;Davisson,1996)所代表的富集量,与同凹陷古近系沙三、沙四段封闭性水文地质系统中钠相对富集特征也明显不同,反映了地层水蒸发浓缩作用弱及与地表水交替活动强烈的水文地质作用特征;地层水化学场的分布影响了原油密度和天然气的分布规律,使得东营凹陷新近系原油密度与天然气相对密度在剖面上的分布规律与地层水分有良好的一致性。  相似文献