玉米秸秆带状覆盖对西北旱地土壤温度及马铃薯产量的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李辉  吴建民  柴守玺  常磊  韩凡香  程宏波 《中国沙漠》2018,38(3):592-599

设黑膜大垄（M1）、玉米秸秆带状平覆（M2）、玉米秸秆带状垄沟覆杆（M3）和不覆盖露地平作（CK）4个处理进行田间小区试验,对比研究不同覆盖方式对西北旱地土壤温度及马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明：M1较CK提高全生育期土壤温度0.98℃,主要提高了块茎膨大期5 cm土层（2015年）及淀粉积累期10 cm土层（2016年）的土壤温度;M2、M3较CK降低全生育期土壤温度1.06℃、0.59℃,主要降低了块茎形成期10 cm土层的土壤温度。两年M1、M2、M3分别平均较CK增产11.68%、21.74%、16.88%。产量与淀粉积累期至收获期单株结薯数、单株产量正相关（r=0.064~0.766）,覆盖处理显著较CK提高淀粉积累期单株结薯数及单株产量,平水年以M1最好,偏旱年以M2最好。  相似文献   

青藏高原沙漠化土地空间分布及区划   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

李庆  张春来  周娜  沈亚萍  伍永秋  邹学勇  李姣  贾文茹  王雪松 《中国沙漠》2018,38(4):690-700

利用野外调查数据、遥感影像和已有研究成果,构建了一套适用于青藏高原沙漠化土地的分类分级指标体系及遥感解译标志。以此为基础,选取目视解译法监测青藏高原沙漠化土地的空间分布特征。结果表明：2015年青藏高原沙漠化土地面积392 913km²,占高原土地总面积的15.1%,主要包括沙质沙漠化土地、砾质沙漠化土地和风蚀残丘3种类型。沙漠化土地以中度和轻度沙漠化土地为主,重度和极重度沙漠化土地面积仅占沙漠化土地总面积的12.2%。空间上,沙漠化土地集中分布在高原的北部和西部地区,其他地区零散分布。自东南向西北,沙漠化土地面积逐渐增大,沙漠化程度不断加重。以沙漠化土地空间分布数据（面积、类型、程度、空间特征和驱动因素）为基础,结合气候、地貌、第四纪沉积物和人类活动等数据,将青藏高原沙漠化区划分为雅鲁藏布江半干旱高山宽谷沙漠化区、藏北青南高寒高原面沙漠化区、柴达木干旱盆地沙漠化区、黄河上游半干旱河流盆地沙漠化区和“三江”流域湿润半湿润高山沙漠化区。  相似文献   

Closing the “Hole in the Sky”: The Use of Refutation-Oriented Instruction to Correct Students' Climate Change Misconceptions     

Chew-Hung Chang  Liberty Pascua  Frances Ess 《The Journal of geography》2018,117(1):3-16

This article discusses the implementation of a pedagogical tool aimed at the refutation of secondary school (grade ten-equivalent) students' persistent climate change misconceptions. Using a lesson study approach, the materials and intervention techniques used were developed collaboratively with geography teachers. The objective is two-pronged: to closely monitor how children learn through refutation-oriented approach and to document how teachers process the experience. A pretest and post-test comparison showed that there was significant improvement in the students' climate change conceptual understanding following the intervention.  相似文献   

A high-performance cellular automata model for urban simulation based on vectorization and parallel computing technology   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chang Xia  Anqi Zhang  Wenting Zhang 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(2):399-424

Cellular automata (CA) models can simulate complex urban systems through simple rules and have become important tools for studying the spatio-temporal evolution of urban land use. However, the multiple and large-volume data layers, massive geospatial processing and complicated algorithms for automatic calibration in the urban CA models require a high level of computational capability. Unfortunately, the limited performance of sequential computation on a single computing unit (i.e. a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU)) and the high cost of parallel design and programming make it difficult to establish a high-performance urban CA model. As a result of its powerful computational ability and scalability, the vectorization paradigm is becoming increasingly important and has received wide attention with regard to this kind of computational problem. This paper presents a high-performance CA model using vectorization and parallel computing technology for the computation-intensive and data-intensive geospatial processing in urban simulation. To transfer the original algorithm to a vectorized algorithm, we define the neighborhood set of the cell space and improve the operation paradigm of neighborhood computation, transition probability calculation, and cell state transition. The experiments undertaken in this study demonstrate that the vectorized algorithm can greatly reduce the computation time, especially in the environment of a vector programming language, and it is possible to parallelize the algorithm as the data volume increases. The execution time for the simulation of 5-m resolution and 3 × 3 neighborhood decreased from 38,220.43 s to 803.36 s with the vectorized algorithm and was further shortened to 476.54 s by dividing the domain into four computing units. The experiments also indicated that the computational efficiency of the vectorized algorithm is closely related to the neighborhood size and configuration, as well as the shape of the research domain. We can conclude that the combination of vectorization and parallel computing technology can provide scalable solutions to significantly improve the applicability of urban CA.  相似文献   

Geographical Environment for the Safe Production of Food     

WANG Li  XU Yuefeng  KONG Chang  MENG Min  WANG Wuyi 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,9(1):13-21

Food is essential for human survival, but harmful, toxic substances in food damage and threaten human health. Food production is inseparable from the place where the food is produced; that is, from the geographical environment that consists of natural and human environments, two parts of a unified whole. China’s territory is vast and its geographical environment is complex and diverse. Food production patterns in different parts of the country vary significantly, as do local socio-economic and cultural conditions. Such differences have an enormous impact on food safety. Based on the geographical area where food is produced in China, this paper reveals the main environmental problems arising from industrial and agricultural production activities, and related risks for food safety and health. In concluding, we make some recommendations for countermeasures. The main food safety related environmental problems include the excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides; high background levels of heavy metals; discharge of wastewater and heavy metals; and excessive use of additives and antibiotics in livestock and poultry breeding and aquatic products. All these issues can lead to huge risks for food safety and thus health. These are not simply scientific issues, but also political, economic and legal issues, as well as social problems that differ from region to region. Therefore, comprehensive studies are needed to identify risks to food safety and health hazards in different areas. Systematic and comprehensive risk assessments of health problems caused by changing ecosystems, environmental pollution, nutrition problems and lifestyle, and especially comprehensive risk assessments of regional environmental changes and health risks are needed. Measures based on an understanding of local conditions must be put forward to protect food safety and health, to strengthen multi-sectoral management, and to improve environmental quality  相似文献   

GRAPES_GFS 2.0模式系统误差评估          下载免费PDF全文

张萌  于海鹏  黄建平  沈学顺  苏勇  薛海乐  杨志坚 《应用气象学报》2018,29(5):571-583

通过选取2014年1月、4月、7月、10月的GRAPES_GFS 2.0预报产品和NCEP FNL分析资料进行对比分析,发现GRAPES_GFS 2.0的系统误差具有以下特性:位势高度场误差的空间分布具有纬向条带状或波列状特征,误差大值集中在中高纬度地区,低纬度地区误差较小。误差在南北半球各自的冬季最大、夏季最小,并呈现明显的季节变化特征。误差随预报时效的增速略低于线性增速且不同预报时效下误差随高度变化的曲线趋势相似。温度场误差的空间分布相对均匀,误差大值位于30°S~30°N附近地区。纬向风场误差没有十分明显的分布规律,与纬度变化、海陆分布和地形的关系均不密切,西风误差和东风误差交替出现。结果表明:模式对冬季中高纬度地区和边界层及对流层顶的模拟技巧尚需提高。明确GRAPES_GFS 2.0的系统误差分布特性,有助于有针对性地进行模式订正,改善误差大值区域的模式预报方法。  相似文献   

鲁西北连续两次强降水过程对比分析     

杨晓霞  夏凡  张骞  侯淑梅  刘畅 《气象科技》2018,46(3):605-618

利用各种观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1×1°再分析资料,对2012年7月30日夜间和31日夜间鲁西北连续两天强降雨天气进行诊断和对比分析。结果表明:强降水产生在西风槽前和副热带高压边缘的偏南暖湿气流中,西风槽稳定少动,台风在东南沿海北上,副高加强北抬,为鲁西北连续两天的强降水提供了天气尺度背景。925hPa及以下的低层,来自于渤海的偏东气流和来自于华东沿海的东南气流同时向鲁西北强降水区输送水汽,低层比湿大,CAPE和K指数较高。第1次强降水产生在偏南气流的暖区中,降水强度大,维持时间短。第2次强降水期间,低层有冷空气锲入,把暖湿气流抬升,前期为对流性降水,中后期转为稳定性降水,降水强度小,维持时间较长。850hPa及以下倒槽式切变线和中尺度低涡环流是造成强降水的中尺度影响系统,近地面层来自于渤海的东北气流与来自于东南沿海的东南暖湿气流形成中尺度涡旋,产生气旋式辐合上升,触发对流不稳定能量释放。对流云团在鲁西北形成长形的中尺度对流系统(MCS),稳定少动,有明显的列车效应和后向传播特征。强降水具有较强的日变化,夜间发展增强,白天减弱。  相似文献   

国家级自动气象站蓄电池智能控制检测系统设计     

于子敏  常奋华  杜言霞  张华琳  陈淼 《气象科技》2018,46(4):651-658

对国家级自动气象站供电系统深入研究,通过对蓄电池充放电进行细微控制,设计报警电路、寿命检测电路和远程监控上位机软件系统,实时监测蓄电池状态,对蓄电池长期处于浮充状态致使其寿命缩减的设计缺陷进行改进。该系统采用Freescale高性能处理器和以AD8210为核心的高边电流检测电路,实时对分流电阻的微电流进行检测,及时阻止危害蓄电池使用寿命的过充和过放,通过声光报警电路和数据通信电路将交流电断电报警、蓄电池电压、使用寿命和充电间隔等信息传送到Labview编写的上位机软件,提醒观测员及时处理,同时配合RTC时钟模块,每3个月自动对蓄电池进行充放电维护,不仅有效延长了蓄电池的使用寿命,还解决了蓄电池充放电维护问题,减少了国家站备份蓄电池每两年更换造成的资源浪费。  相似文献   

吉林省最高最低气温非对称变化时空演变特征     

岳元  申双和  岳立成  王琪  于宛男 《气象科技》2018,46(4):744-752

利用吉林省45个气象站1970-2014年逐日的最高、最低气温资料,分析吉林省最高、最低气温不对称变化在年、季尺度上的时空演变特征。采用经验模态分解法(EMD)分解年、季最高、最低气温序列,分析变化趋势。结果表明:近45年年平均最高、最低气温均呈增加趋势,且最低气温增幅是最高气温的两倍。四季的最高、最低气温变化形式与年变化一致;不同地区之间最高气温的增幅差异不大,最低气温增幅存在一定区别,东部最低气温增幅小于中、西部。相对稳定的增温区出现在西部和中部,不同季节的增温幅度不同,春、夏要强于秋、冬。经验模态分解(EMD)结果显示吉林省年平均最高、最低气温均为增加趋势,而春、冬季中最高气温趋势分量的倾向率与原始序列不同,为负值。夏、秋季中最高气温及四季中最低气温趋势分量序列与原始数据序列的倾向率一致,均为正值但大小存在差异。  相似文献   

脓毒症患者中横纹肌溶解综合征与预后关系的研究     

XiMing Chen  Ling Zhang  HaiLi Sun  ShuYan Li  SiJing Chang  QingFeng Zhang  BingLin Zhang  Tuo Chen  GuangXiu Liu  Paul Dyson 《寒旱区科学》2017,9(5):503-510

目的 探讨脓毒症患者中横纹肌溶解综合征（RM）与病情严重程度及预后的关系。方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,入选2014年10月~2015年9月重庆医科大学附属第一医院中心ICU连续收治的脓毒症患者151例作为研究对象。检测入ICU当天的血清肌酸激酶（CK）,以CK≥1000U/L作为RM的诊断标准,比较发生RM的患者与未发生RM患者的感染标志物、危重症评分、器官功能障碍和28天病死率等。结果 151例脓毒症患者中37例（24.5%）发生RM。RM组的PCT水平、APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分较非RM组高（P<0.05）。RM组ICU期间肝脏功能障碍、循环障碍、肾脏功能障碍的发生率、人均器官障碍数、血肌酐峰值水平、接受连续肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）患者的比例和28天病死率较非RM组高（P<0.05）,而呼吸功能障碍、凝血功能障碍和神经系统障碍的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。CK对预测脓毒症患者28天死亡风险具有统计学意义,ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.694（P<0.05）,低于APACHEⅡ评分（0.841）和SOFA评分（0.805）（P<0.05）。结论 脓毒症患者中RM的发生率高,发生RM的患者的病情更危重,其ICU期间肝脏功能障碍、循环障碍、肾脏功能障碍的发生率和28天病死率均显著增加,CK可以作为预测脓毒症患者28天病死率的参考指标。  相似文献