Mechanics of sediment transportation and alluvial stream problems,R. J. Garde and K. G. Ranga Raju,Halsted Press,New York (Wiley Eastern Limited,New Delhi), 1977. Price: £1.25. No. of pages: 483     

M. G. Foley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1979,4(3):304-305

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Climate change response in Europe: what’s the reality? Analysis of adaptation and mitigation plans from 200 urban areas in 11 countries     

D. Reckien  J. Flacke  R. J. Dawson  O. Heidrich  M. Olazabal  A. Foley  J. J.-P. Hamann  H. Orru  M. Salvia  S. De Gregorio Hurtado  D. Geneletti  F. Pietrapertosa 《Climatic change》2014,122(1-2):331-340

Urban areas are pivotal to global adaptation and mitigation efforts. But how do cities actually perform in terms of climate change response? This study sheds light on the state of urban climate change adaptation and mitigation planning across Europe. Europe is an excellent test case given its advanced environmental policies and high urbanization. We performed a detailed analysis of 200 large and medium-sized cities across 11 European countries and analysed the cities’ climate change adaptation and mitigation plans. We investigate the regional distribution of plans, adaptation and mitigation foci and the extent to which planned greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions contribute to national and international climate objectives. To our knowledge, it is the first study of its kind as it does not rely on self-assessment (questionnaires or social surveys). Our results show that 35 % of European cities studied have no dedicated mitigation plan and 72 % have no adaptation plan. No city has an adaptation plan without a mitigation plan. One quarter of the cities have both an adaptation and a mitigation plan and set quantitative GHG reduction targets, but those vary extensively in scope and ambition. Furthermore, we show that if the planned actions within cities are nationally representative the 11 countries investigated would achieve a 37 % reduction in GHG emissions by 2050, translating into a 27 % reduction in GHG emissions for the EU as a whole. However, the actions would often be insufficient to reach national targets and fall short of the 80 % reduction in GHG emissions recommended to avoid global mean temperature rising by 2 °C above pre-industrial levels.  相似文献   

The early differentiation history of Mars from W-Nd isotope systematics in the SNC meteorites     

C. Nicole Foley  M. Wadhwa  P.E. Janney  T.L. Grove 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(18):4557-4571

We report here the results of an investigation of W and Nd isotopes in the SNC (Shergottite-Nakhlite-Chassignite (martian)) meteorites. We have determined that ε¹⁸²W values in the nakhlites are uniform within analytical uncertainties and have an average value of ∼3. Also, while ε¹⁸²W values in the shergottites have a limited range (from 0.3-0.7), their ε¹⁴²Nd values vary considerably (from −0.2-0.9). There appears to be no correlation between ε¹⁸²W and ε¹⁴²Nd in the nakhlites and shergottites. These results shed new light on early differentiation processes on Mars, particularly on the timing and nature of fractionation in silicate reservoirs. Assuming a two-stage model, the metallic core is estimated to have formed at ∼12 Myr after the beginning of the solar system. Major silicate differentiation established the nakhlite source reservoir before ∼4542 Ma and the shergottite source reservoirs at 4525 Ma. These ages imply that, within the uncertainties afforded by the ¹⁸²Hf-¹⁸²W and ¹⁴⁶Sm-¹⁴²Nd chronometers, the silicate differentiation events that established the source reservoirs of the nakhlites and shergottites may have occurred contemporaneously, possibly during crystallization of a global magma ocean. The distinct ¹⁸²W-¹⁴²Nd isotope systematics in the nakhlites and the shergottites imply the presence of at least three isotopically distinct silicate reservoirs on Mars, two of which are depleted in incompatible lithophile elements relative to chondrites, and the third is enriched. The two depleted silicate reservoirs most likely reside in the Martian mantle, while the enriched reservoir could be either in the crust or the mantle. Therefore, the ¹⁸²W-¹⁴²Nd isotope systematics indicate that the nakhlites and the shergottites originated from distinct source reservoirs and cannot be petrogenetically related. A further implication is that the source reservoirs of the nakhlites and shergottites on Mars have been isolated since their establishment before ∼4.5 Ga. Therefore, there has been no giant impact or efficient global mantle convection to thoroughly homogenize the Martian mantle following the establishment of the SNC source reservoirs.  相似文献   

High U/Th partitioning by clinopyroxene from alkali silicate and carbonatite metasomatism: an origin for Th/U disequilibrium in mantle melts?     

S. F. Foley  C. M. Petibon  G. A. Jenner  & B. A. Kjarsgaard 《地学学报》2001,13(2):104-109

Clinopyroxene/melt pairs in strongly potassic silicate and carbonatite melts exhibit unusually high U/Th partitioning ratios of ˜ 3 and ˜ 2, respectively. These values are much higher than those found for aluminous clinopyroxenes in peridotite, and have the potential to cause significant (²³⁰Th)/(²³⁸U) isotope enrichment in volcanics. The potassic silicate (lamproite) and carbonatite melts correspond closely to the main agents of mantle metasomatism, indicating that clinopyroxene in metasomatized regions of the mantle may greatly affect U/Th disequilibria. Recycling of alkali pyroxenite veins in the oceanic lithosphere formed by solidification of melt in the extremities of the MORB melting region presents an alternative to eclogite recycling in MORB and OIB genesis.  相似文献   

大别山双河超高压榴辉岩中变质锆石；离子探针和微区结构研究   总被引：19，自引：6，他引：19  

陈道公  Etienne DELOULE  夏群科  吴元保  程昊 《岩石学报》2002,18(3):369-377

对南大别双河超高压岩板榴辉岩中锆石进行了阴极发光、喇曼光谱、U- Pb和氧同位素离子探针微区分析。发现大部分锆石具有核边结构 ,其核和边有明显不同的 U ,Th,Pb含量、Th/ U比、2 0 6 Pb/ 2 38U年龄和δ1 8O值。锆石边部具有变质锆石的结构和化学特征 ,核部具有岩浆锆石向变质锆石变化的过渡特征。 17个点 U - Pb同位素分析中大多数为不一致年龄 ,由 14个正向不一致点所构成的不一致线与一致曲线的上、下交点年龄分别为 2 4 89± 2 5和 2 4 8± 16 Ma,它们代表了榴辉岩原岩形成时间和前进变质至峰期变质过程中原岩岩浆锆石重结晶和变质增生作用的时间 ,大别山变质锆石的成因是复杂的 ,它既可以是变质新生锆石 ,呈独立的颗粒或原岩岩浆锆石的增生边 ,也可以是由原岩锆石在固相或流体存在下的重结晶作用形成。不同程度的重结晶作用是超高压条件下双河榴辉岩原岩岩浆锆石发生的主要的物理化学变化 ,它导致锆石中 U、Th、Pb和Th/ U比的降低和岩浆振荡环带的消退  相似文献   

Comparison of the climate simulated by the CCM3 coupled to two different land-surface models   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

C. Delire  S. Levis  G. Bonan  J. Foley  M. Coe  S. Vavrus 《Climate Dynamics》2002,19(8):657-669

We present results from a coupled atmosphere-biosphere model CCM3/IBIS (the Community Climate Model coupled to the Integrated BIosphere Simulator), which is designed to study the dynamic interactions between climate and vegetation and the global carbon cycle. We analyze the climate simulated by CCM3/IBIS with fixed vegetation conditions and we compare it to the climate simulated by the standard CCM3, which includes the LSM (land surface model) land-surface package. Important differences between the two models include simple parametrizations of lakes, wetlands and crops in CCM3/LSM not taken into account in CCM3/IBIS. CCM3/IBIS and CCM3/LSM share common biases (compared to observations) in the temperature field in boreal winter and in the precipitation field annually, making the atmospheric model the most probable cause of those biases. The models differ in the temperature field and surface energy balance in the Sahara annually and in the mid-to high latitudes from spring through fall. CCM3/IBIS simulates global annual air temperatures that are on average 1.7 °C higher than CCM3/LSM and 0.5 °C higher than the observed climatology. Differences in albedo and/or snow parametrization explain most of the Sahara and high-latitude temperature disagreement. Our sensitivity study with CCM3/LSM shows that the presence of lakes and wetlands in CCM3/LSM can account for about half of the difference in temperature in summer over the lake and wetland regions of the mid-latitudes. A second sensitivity study shows that higher surface roughness length in CCM3/IBIS can also explain part of the difference in summer surface temperature in the mid-latitudes. Surface roughness length affects the surface temperature through a feedback mechanism linking surface wind speed, planetary boundary layer height, low level cloudiness and radiation  相似文献   

The effect of crystal orientation on the wetting behaviour of silicate melts on the surfaces of spinel peridotite minerals   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Frank N. Schäfer  Stephen F. Foley 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2002,143(2):254-262

. The effect of crystal anisotropy on wetting angles of equilibrium silicate melts on crystal faces of spinel, diopside, enstatite and olivine has been determined experimentally by the sessile melt drop technique. The anisotropy, Ãg_SL{\rm \~A}\gamma _{{\rm SL}} , of solid-liquid interfacial energies (%_SL(max)-%_SL(min)) can be related to the wetting angles, N, by Ãg_SL μ | cosy(max)  - cosy(min) | = Pw_{( [(A)\tilde]gSL )}{\rm \~A}\gamma _{{\rm SL}} \propto \left| {\cos \psi (\max )\; - \cos \psi (\min )} \right| = Pw_{\left( {{\rm \tilde A}\gamma _{{\rm SL}} } \right)} . Normalising to the smallest wetting angle gives values of Pw for diopside=0.0728, olivine=0.0574, orthopyroxene=0.0152, and spinel=0.0075. Crystal anisotropy influences grain-scale morphology of small-degree partial melts, permeability and the melt connectivity threshold, J_C. Results show that, at sufficient melt fractions, diopside should increase permeability in a peridotitic matrix, whereas enstatite should lower it. Despite its low anisotropy, spinel contributes positively to permeability and J_C because of its high surface energies. These results suggest that harzburgitic mineral matrices typical of the subcratonic mantle should impede the movement of low-degree partial melts, whereas melts should flow more easily through spinel lherzolites.  相似文献   

Excursion to Woking: Saturday,July 3rd, 1897     

F. Meeson  M.C. Foley 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》1897,15(5):185-188

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Vein-plus-wall-rock melting mechanisms in the lithosphere and the origin of potassic alkaline magmas   总被引：31，自引：0，他引：31  

Stephen Foley 《Lithos》1992,28(3-6):435-453

A model is developed for the origin of ultrapotassic melts by melting of veined lithosphere; the veins are rich in clinopyroxene and mica, whereas the wall-rocks consist principally of peridotites. The veins originate by solidification of low-degree melts which are themselves the results of earlier, deeper, multistage processes ultimately due to the presence of a transition zone between large-scale channelled and porous flow regimes. The melting event producing the ultrapotassic magma begins in the veins due to the concentration of hydrous phases and incompatible elements, but spreads to include the surrounding wall-rocks by a combination of two mechanisms. The alkaline magma composition is thus a hybrid of vein (V) and wall-rock (W) components.

The melt hybridization mechanisms are: (i) Solid-solution melting: Minerals which from extensive solid-solutions are abundant in the vein assemblages (Cr/Al spinel, F/OH mica, amphibole and apatite). The breakdown of these phases take place over a temperature range between the solidus of the vein assemblage and the elimination of the more refractory end-members. This process bridges the temperature gap between the solid of vein and wall-rock, so that a melt component from the wall-rock is added to that from the vein before elimination of all vein minerals. Phlogopite forms the most effective of these sliding reactions, resulting in its stability at near-liquids temperatures in experiments. (ii) Dissolution of wall-rock minerals: The initial melt fraction in the vein infiltrates the surrounding wall-rock due to the dominance of surface energy minimization on melt flow at the intergranular scale. Following infiltration, dissolution of wall-rock minerals occurs at temperatures lower than their melting temperatures, thus imparting a refractory wall-rock component to the melt composition. Dissolution of olivine and/or orthopyroxene occurs preferentially, since these minerals are furthest from equilibrium with the strongly alkaline, vein-derived melt.

Remobilisation of several generations of veins explains the occurrence within a restricted space and time of rocks bearing chemical characteristics which are generally thought to indicate contrasting tectonic settings (e.g. central Italy). The ultrapotassic rocks are explained as being dominanyly vein-derived (i.e. high V/W ratio): further dilution of the V-component by wall-rock, supplemented by asthenospheric melt in advanced cases, leads to the production of more voluminous basaltic rocks bearing incompatible element signatures reminiscent of those of ultrapotassic rocks.  相似文献   

Nanoscale Chemical Imaging by Photo‐Induced Force Microscopy: Technical Aspects and Application to the Geosciences     

Laura M. Otter  Michael W. Frster  Elena Belousova  Padraic O&#x;Reilly  Derek Nowak  Sung Park  Simon Clark  Stephen F. Foley  Dorrit E. Jacob 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2021,45(1):5-27

Photo‐induced force microscopy (PiFM) is a new‐frontier technique that combines the advantages of atomic force microscopy with infrared spectroscopy and allows for the simultaneous acquisition of 3D topographic data with molecular chemical information at high spatial (~ 5 nm) and spectral (~ 1 cm^?1) resolution at the nanoscale. This non‐destructive technique is time efficient as it requires only conventional mirror‐polishing and has fast mapping rates on the order of a few minutes that allow the study of dynamic processes via time series. Here, we review the method’s historical development, working principle, data acquisition, and evaluation, and provide a comparison with traditional geochemical methods. We review PiFM studies in the areas of materials science, chemistry and biology. In addition, we provide the first applications for geochemical samples including the visualization of faint growth zonation in zircons, the identification of fluid speciation in high‐pressure experimental samples, and of nanoscale organic phases in biominerals. We demonstrate that PiFM analysis is a time‐ and cost‐efficient technique combining high‐resolution surface imaging with molecular chemical information at the nanoscale and, thus, complements and expands traditional geochemical methods.  相似文献