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31.
Martin Sudmanns Dirk Tiede Stefan Lang Helena Bergstedt Georg Trost Hannah Augustin 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2020,13(7):832-850
ABSTRACT Turning Earth observation (EO) data consistently and systematically into valuable global information layers is an ongoing challenge for the EO community. Recently, the term ‘big Earth data’ emerged to describe massive EO datasets that confronts analysts and their traditional workflows with a range of challenges. We argue that the altered circumstances must be actively intercepted by an evolution of EO to revolutionise their application in various domains. The disruptive element is that analysts and end-users increasingly rely on Web-based workflows. In this contribution we study selected systems and portals, put them in the context of challenges and opportunities and highlight selected shortcomings and possible future developments that we consider relevant for the imminent uptake of big Earth data. 相似文献
32.
Żelaźniewicz Andrzej Marheine Dirk Oberc-Dziedzic Teresa 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2003,92(2):185-194
A Variscan foreland in western Poland comprises two NW-trending basement highs, which are concealed under Carboniferous through Triassic strata of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline (FSM). Both highs consist of multiply deformed quartz-sericite - albite - chlorite phyllites of unknown protolith age. 40Ar/39Ar laser probe dating of white micas in up to 0.5-mm-thick mica layers, which form the S2 axial-plane foliation in phyllites of the Wolsztyn-Leszno High, yielded an age of 340.1DŽ.6 Ma for the lower greenschists facies metamorphism and probably also for the F2 folding. This deformation was associated and followed by thrusting, which brought about the basement highs. The latter delivered clasts to overlying late Viséan-early Namurian flysch basin that was mainly sourced from the Saxothuringian Sudetes in which most of the deformation occurred between 345-335 Ma. The FSM basement may represent an independent terrane, referred to as the Wielkopolska terrane, belonging to the Armorican Terrane Assemblage. 相似文献
33.
Harald Geiger Ian Barnes Karl H. Becker Birger Bohn Theo Brauers Birgit Donner Hans-Peter Dorn Manfred Elend Carlos M. Freitas Dinis Dirk Grossmann Heinz Hass Holger Hein Axel Hoffmann Lars Hoppe Frank Hülsemann Dieter Kley Björn Klotz Hans G. Libuda Tobias Maurer Djuro Mihelcic Geert K. Moortgat Romeo Olariu Peter Neeb Dirk Poppe Lars Ruppert Claudia G. Sauer Oleg Shestakov Holger Somnitz William R. Stockwell Lars P. Thüner Andreas Wahner Peter Wiesen Friedhelm Zabel Reinhard Zellner Cornelius Zetzsch 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,42(1):323-357
Within the German Tropospheric Research Programme (TFS) numerous kinetic and mechanistic studies on the tropospheric reaction/degradation of the following reactants were carried out: oxygenated VOC, aromatic VOC, biogenic VOC, short-lived intermediates, such as alkoxy and alkylperoxy radicals.At the conception of the projects these selected groups were classes of VOC or intermediates for which the atmospheric oxidation mechanisms were either poorly characterised or totally unknown. The motivation for these studies was the attainment of significant improvements in our understanding of the atmospheric chemical oxidation processes of these compounds, particularly with respect to their involvement in photooxidant formation in the troposphere. In the present paper the types of experimental investigations performed and the results obtained within the various projects are briefly summarised. The major achievements are highlighted and discussed in terms of their contribution to improving our understanding of the chemical processes controlling photosmog formation in the troposphere. 相似文献
34.
Richard Winterhalter Peter Neeb Dirk Grossmann Antje Kolloff Osamu Horie Geert Moortgat 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2000,35(2):165-197
Gas phase ozonolysis of -pinene was performedin a 570 l static reactor at 730 Torr and 296 K insynthetic air and the products were analysed by acombination of gas phase FTIR spectroscopy, HPLC andIC analyses of gas phase and aerosol samples,respectively. The reaction mechanism was investigatedby adding HCHO, HCOOH and H2O as Criegeeintermediate scavenger and cyclohexane as OH radicalscavenger. Main identified products (yields inparentheses) in the presence of cyclohexane as OHradical scavenger were HCHO (0.65 ± 0.04),nopinone (0.16 ± 0.04), 3-hydroxy-nopinone (0.15± 0.05), CO2 (0.20 ± 0.04), CO (0.030± 0.002), HCOOH (0.020 ± 0.002), the secondaryozonide of -pinene (0.16 ± 0.05), andcis-pinic acid (0.02 ± 0.01). The decompositionof the primary ozonide was found to yieldpredominantly the excited C9-Criegee intermediateand HCHO (0.84 ± 0.04) and to a minor extent theexcited CH2OO intermediate and nopinone (0.16± 0.04). Roughly 40% of the excitedC9-Criegee intermediate becomes stabilised andcould be shown to react with HCHO, HCOOH and H2O. The atmospherically important reaction of thestabilised C9-Criegee intermediate with H2Owas found to result in a nopinone increase of (0.35± 0.05) and in the formation of H2O2(0.24 ± 0.03). Based on the observed products,the unimolecular decomposition/isomerisationchannels of the C9-Criegee intermediate arediscussed in terms of the hydroperoxide and esterchannels. Subsequent reactions of the nopinonylradical, formed in the hydroperoxide channel, lead tomajor products like 3-hydroxy-nopinone but also tominor products like cis-pinic acid. A mechanismfor the formation of this dicarboxylic acid isproposed and its possible role in aerosol formationprocesses discussed. 相似文献
35.
Alexander Müller Dirk Flottmann Wolfgang Schulz Wolfram Seitz Walter H. Weber 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2007,35(4):329-338
The development of instrumental analytics such as the LC-MS/MS has made it possible to quickly determine many component concentrations in a single chromatogram. However, the validation of such multi-methods needs new strategies for robustness and optimization. Statistical execution of analytical tests is one tool that can be utilized to meet this requirement. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was utilized for the validation of an LC-MS/MS multi-method for 84 analytes. The experimental design includes six design variables and two non-design variables (response variables). Concentration, ionization temperature, dwell time, gradient, flow (of eluent), and spraying/curtain gas (continuous design variables) were varied on five different levels; the whole design encompassed 91 runs. To investigate the robustness of a LC-MS/MS method both peak sensitivity and chromatographic separation had to be verified. Therefore, two non-design variables were necessary. The distribution of the peaks over analysis time was applied to describe the quality of the chromatographic separation. The sensitivity was described with the signal to noise ratio (S/N). The evaluation of the measured data was accomplished with the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Three main effects (concentration, ionization temperature, dwell time) and no significant interaction effect were found for the response variable “S/N”. The variables of concentration, ionization temperature, and dwell time had no significant effects for the response variable “S/N”. The ANOVA of the response variable chromatographic separation abandoned no significant effects as well. Therefore, robustness of the method can be guaranteed for all non significant design variables. 相似文献
36.
The solubility of KFe(CrO4)2·2H2O, a precipitate recently identified in a Cr(VI)-contaminated soil, was studied in dissolution and precipitation experiments. Ten dissolution experiments were conducted at 4–75°C and initial pH values between 0.8 and 1.2 using synthetic KFe(CrO4)2·2H2O. Four precipitation experiments were conducted at 25°C with final pH values between 0.16 and 1.39. The log KSP for the reaction
相似文献
37.
Matthias Zillmer Boris Kashtan & Dirk Gajewski 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,132(3):643-653
Wave propagation in weakly anisotropic inhomogeneous media is studied by the quasi-isotropic approximation of ray theory. The approach is based on the ray-tracing and dynamic ray-tracing differential equations for an isotropic background medium. In addition, it requires the integration of a system of two complex coupled differential equations along the isotropic ray.
The interference of the qS waves is described by traveltime and polarization corrections of interacting isotropic S waves. For qP waves the approach leads to a correction of the traveltime of the P wave in the isotropic background medium.
Seismograms and particle-motion diagrams obtained from numerical computations are presented for models with different strengths of anisotropy.
The equivalence of the quasi-isotropic approximation and the quasi-shear-wave coupling theory is demonstrated. The quasi-isotropic approximation allows for a consideration of the limit from weak anisotropy to isotropy, especially in the case of qS waves, where the usual ray theory for anisotropic media fails. 相似文献
The interference of the qS waves is described by traveltime and polarization corrections of interacting isotropic S waves. For qP waves the approach leads to a correction of the traveltime of the P wave in the isotropic background medium.
Seismograms and particle-motion diagrams obtained from numerical computations are presented for models with different strengths of anisotropy.
The equivalence of the quasi-isotropic approximation and the quasi-shear-wave coupling theory is demonstrated. The quasi-isotropic approximation allows for a consideration of the limit from weak anisotropy to isotropy, especially in the case of qS waves, where the usual ray theory for anisotropic media fails. 相似文献
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40.
In Belgium a long process (1999–2005) led to the designation of several marine protected areas (MPAs). In order to analyse the designation process, the ‘policy arrangement approach’ was used as an analytical tool. Attention was given to four dimensions (actors and coalitions, arguments, rules and resources). Particular attention was paid to the switch from an authoritative to a more deliberated policy style in reaction to conflicts with stakeholders. This switch in policy style contributed to a successful legal designation, but does not guarantee the best protection of marine biodiversity. This case study linked science (setting ecological goals) to policy (analysis of a policy process) and led to some more general conclusions on the designation of MPAs and the role of participation in this process. 相似文献