Damage field and site effects: multidisciplinary studies of the 1964 earthquake series in Central Switzerland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stefan Fritsche  Donat Fäh  Brian Steiner  Domenico Giardini 《Natural Hazards》2009,48(2):203-227

Central Switzerland shows comparatively high seismic activity by Swiss standards. Many historical earthquakes are known and several of them caused damage. The last major event dates back to 1964 and has the characteristics of an earthquake swarm. Among dozens of felt shocks were two main shocks (Mw = 5 and 5.7) that moderately damaged a limited area with hundreds of buildings suffering loss. Our aim here was to reconstruct the damage field and to analyze whether it was influenced by site effects. Given the existence of a contemporary damage assessment and other historical sources, we could describe the damage field in detail. For about 95% of the affected buildings, we could reconstruct the location and extent of loss, using assessments from the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS 98). Spatial analysis of the resulting data showed that most losses were concentrated in the villages of Sarnen and Kerns. Damage to residential houses and barns was by far most frequent (90%), but expensive losses to the relatively few sacral buildings were responsible for almost 50% of the repair costs. We compared the damage data with deposit thickness and soil composition and carried out field experiments using H/V spectral ratios to measure the fundamental frequency of ground resonance at 75 sites to estimate the frequency band in which amplification occurs. Our results show that locations on both thick fluviatile sediments and large alluvial cones showed higher intensities than did other ground types. Moreover, at some sites, intensity was probably increased by a layer of weathered rock below thin deposits.  相似文献   

Observations of surface radon in Central Italy     

Piero Di Carlo  Giovanni Pitari  Natalia De Luca  Domenico Battisti 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(2):431-436

Two years of in situ radon concentration measurements in the atmospheric surface layer have been collected in a central Italy town (L’Aquila), located in the Aterno river valley. These data have been analyzed in order to study the controlling mechanisms of surface radon abundance; observations of coincident meteorological parameters confirmed the role of dynamics on the local removal rate of this tracer. The relatively high negative correlation of hourly data of surface wind speed and radon activity concentration (R = −0.54, on annual scale) suggests that dynamical removal of radon is one of the most important controlling processes of the tracer accumulation in the atmospheric surface layer. An attempt is made to quantify the precipitation impact on radon soil fluxes. No anticorrelation of radon and precipitation comes out from the data (R = −0.15), as in previous studies. However, since the main physical parameter affecting the ground radon release is expected to be the soil accumulation of water, snow or ice, the emission flux has also been correlated with soil moisture; in this way a much clearer anticorrelation is found (R = −0.54).  相似文献   

Systematic analysis of deep seismicity: 200 centroid-moment tensor solutions for earthquakes between 1977 and 1980   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Domenico Giardini 《Geophysical Journal International》1984,77(3):883-914

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Inverse Analytical Techniques Applied to Coincident Contaminant Distributions at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Natalyn K. Ala  Patrick A. Domenico 《Ground water》1992,30(2):212-218

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Comparing Loss Estimation with Observed Damage: A Study of the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake in Turkey   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Robin Spence  Julian Bommer  Domenico del Re  Juliet Bird  Nuray Aydinoğlu  Shigeko Tabuchi 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2003,1(1):83-113

Loss estimation from future earthquakes is of growing importance in planning earthquake protection strategies in high-risk areas. Loss models based on the spectral displacement approach are now widely used because of generally acknowledged deficiencies in earlier approaches using macroseismic intensity or peak ground-motion parameters. However, there has been to date rather little earthquake damage data by which the new generation of models can be assessed and which can be used to calibrate the parameters involved. The availability of several detailed damage surveys carried out following the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey, provides a rare opportunity for such an assessment. In this paper the losses which would be predicted from two different approaches to loss assessment – one using predicted macroseismic intensity, the other using the spectral displacement method – are compared with actual observed losses in the Kocaeli event at two different locations where surveys were carried out. One of these sites was very close to the surface fault rupture (< 3 km distance), the other at a distance of about 4.5 km. It is shown that the predictive methods available generally overestimated the losses at these distances, and a number of possible reasons for these discrepancies are considered. The sensitivity of loss estimates to variations in the key parameters governing the estimation in each case are explored, in particular with respect to modifications in the parameters of the attenuation relationships and the vulnerability parameters. The implications of these results for estimating future losses are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Atmospheric Turbulence Decay During the Solar Total Eclipse of 11 August 1999     

Domenico Anfossi  Guy Schayes  Gervasio Degrazia  Antonio Goulart 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,111(2):301-311

The studies of turbulence decay were based in the past on measurements carried out in neutrally stratified wind tunnels and, more recently, on large-eddy simulation runs. Here the atmospheric turbulence decay process during the solar total eclipse of 11 August 1999 is examined. Thus a rapid transition from convective boundary-layer turbulence to that of a neutral or slightly stable one is considered. A u-v-w propeller anemometer and a fast response temperature sensor located in northern France on top of a 9-m mast recorded the turbulence observations. The measurements, in terms of turbulent kinetic energy decay with time, were found to be in good agreement with those prescribed by a theoretical model of turbulence decay recently proposed. In particular, it was found that the exponent of the power law describing the decay process has the value -2.  相似文献   

Using Historical Documents for Landslide, Debris Flow and Stream Flood Prevention. Applications in Northern Italy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Domenico Tropeano  Laura Turconi 《Natural Hazards》2004,31(3):663-679

Landslides, debris flows and stream floods are common natural processes inNorthern Italy. Their occurrence can be correctly assessed in space and timeonly through a sound basis of knowledge acquired by the scientific use of alarge number of historical documents. Over the last 30 years, the CNR IRPIInstitute of Turin has made archive data utilisation one of its main points ofscientific research, through the collection of hundreds of thousands of recordscontained in published and unpublished documents and historical reports onnatural damaging events over the last 500 years, particularly since XIX Century.The historical data, interpreted and selected on a scientific basis, have beenorganised in a database and utilised for landscape planning and hydrogeologicalprevention. In co-operation with public organisations, the IRPI Institute hassupplied information (type, location, magnitude, frequency and effects) abouthazardous events in Northern Italy. To give an example, in the last 4 yearsabout 4,500 failure events have been detected along the road network of theTurin Province and many debris flow, rockfall, landslide and flood events inthe Lombardy Region. These data are reported as points linked to the relevantevent-card on technical cartography (scale 1:10,000 or 1:25,000), so that theycan be immediately utilised either on paper or digitally (e.g., GIS, Arcview software).The present day elaboration of archival data permit the possible analytical applications for structural interventions in natural hazard remediation in built-up areas. In all cases, the results of research allow public awareness of natural danger and the correct layout of civil protection strategies.  相似文献   

The January 10, 1997 Pozzano landslide, Sorrento Peninsula, Italy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Domenico Calcaterra  Antonio Santo 《Engineering Geology》2004,75(2):181-200

From 1997 to 1999, a huge number of slides, often turning into extremely rapid debris-earth flows, repeatedly affected the late Quaternary volcaniclastic deposits mantling the carbonate slopes of Campania region, Italy. The Sorrento Peninsula was the epicentral district of the 1997 regional slope-instability crisis. Some hundred shallow mass movements took place during January 1997 in this area. These were the last episode of a long series of slope failure events dating back to mid-18th century. Results from geological and geomorphologic surveys are presented. Landslide mechanism and triggering factors are analysed for the most important mass movement, which occurred during the January 9-11, 1997, regional event. On January 10, 1997, at about 8:15 PM, a rainfall-induced debris slide-debris flow occurred at Pozzano (province of Naples), mainly affecting the 79 AD pyroclastic products. Following a J-path, the landslide destroyed a private house and invaded the State Road no. 145. This event resulted in four deaths, 22 persons injured and road closure for about 2 months. There was less than 200 mm of rainfall in the 72-h period prior to the landslide, although intense precipitation had occurred during a preceding 4-month period. However, the slope failure event was not preceded by an extreme short-term antecedent rainfall, as already noticed in previous landslides of this type in Campania. Finally, following a preliminary geotechnical characterization of volcaniclastic soils, a slope-stability back analysis was carried out, which adopted the classical infinite slope scheme. This analysis gave further evidence of the role played by pore pressure in reducing the overall shear strength of pyroclastic soils.  相似文献   

Self-potential global tomography including topographic effects     

Domenico Patella 《Geophysical Prospecting》1997,45(5):843-863

This paper is an extension of a previous study, in which the principles of self-potential ground surface tomography were outlined. The new arguments which are here set forth are the proper accounting for the topographic effects and a robust approach to global 3D tomography. The 2D case is initially considered in order to facilitate a full understanding of the new method. In order to gauge the topographic distortions, the concepts of slope effect and surface regularization are introduced, as suitable means to compute point by point correction factors of the measured self-potential data, prior to the recognition of the tomographic images of the primary and induced electric sources underground. The tomographic approach is then developed by introducing again the concepts of the scanning function and of the charge occurrence probability function, which were amply dealt with in the previous paper. The new approach to 3D global tomography means here the composition of charge occurrence probability functions related to any two orthogonal surface components of the natural electric field, in order to account fully for the total surface component of the self-potential field and hence to elicit the greatest amount of information. Two field examples are presented to show the full effectiveness of the proposed method. They refer, respectively, to a near-surface investigation for archaeological purposes and to a very deep investigation in an active volcanic area.  相似文献   

Centroid-moment tensor solutions for 113 large earthquakes in 1977–1980     

Domenico Giardini  Adam M. Dziewonski  John H. Woodhouse 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1985,40(4):259-272

The Centroid-Moment Tensor technique is applied to 113 large earthquakes of the period 1977–1980, including all the shallow events with magnitude m_b, M_s or M_L 6.5. We use digital data recorded by the Global Digital Seismograph Network (GDSN) and International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA) networks. Solutions are determined for three sequences of events close in time by inverting mantle wave data simultaneously for multiple sources.  相似文献